Prolactin as an adrenocorticotropic hormone: prolactin signalling is a conserved key regulator of sexually dimorphic adrenal gland function in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
A large number of previous reports described an effect of the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) on steroid hormone production by the adrenal cortex. However, those studies remained anecdotal and were never converted into a conceptual and mechanistic framework, let alone being translated into clinical care. In the light of our recently published landmark study where we described PRL signalling as a pivotal regulator of the sexually dimorphic adrenal phenotype in mouse and of adrenal androgen production in humans, we present here the overarching hypothesis that PRL signalling increases the activity of Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1/NR5A1), a transcription factor that has an essential role in adrenal gland development and function, to regulate adrenal cortex growth and hormonal production in physiological and pathological conditions. PRL can then be considered as a bona fide adrenocorticotropic hormone synergizing with ACTH in the endocrine control of adrenal cortex function.
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In vivo studies show that PRL has a selective stimulatory effect on adrenal androgen production.
“These data are also consistent with the in vivo studies cited before showing that PRL has a selective stimulatory effect on adrenal androgen production 12,23-29 .”
From ACTH and prolactin synergistically and selectively regulate CYP17 expression and adrenal androgen production in human foetal adrenal organ cultures (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
A number of studies have described an association of hyperprolactinemia with increased adrenal androgen levels and an increased adrenocortical response to ACTH in patients with high circulating PRL levels.
“A number of studies have described the association of hyperprolactinemia with increased adrenal androgen levels and an increased adrenocortical response to ACTH in patients with high circulating PRL levels 12,23-29 .”
From ACTH and prolactin synergistically and selectively regulate CYP17 expression and adrenal androgen production in human foetal adrenal organ cultures (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
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Genomic Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism of Gene Expression in the Mouse Adrenal Gland
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DHEAS and Human Development: An Evolutionary Perspective
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Extracellular Matrix and Hormones Modulate DAX-1 Localization in the Human Fetal Adrenal Gland
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Targeted Disruption of YAP and TAZ Impairs the Maintenance of the Adrenal Cortex
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Prolactin induces phosphorylation of the STAT5 in adrenal glands of Hatano rats during stress
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PCOS Features and Steroid Profiles Among Young Adult Women with a History of Premature Adrenarche
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“Sexual dimorphism in adrenal gland development and tumorigenesis”
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Self-citationCoexisting Prolactinoma and Primary Aldosteronism: Is There a Pathophysiological Link?
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Self-citationPremature pubarche as a first presentation of pituitary macroprolactinoma
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Adrenal gland disorders, active component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2002-2017.
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Banks, C. M., Trott, J. F., & Hovey, R. C. (2024) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13385 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Prolactin: A Mammalian Stress Hormone and Its Role in Cutaneous Pathophysiology
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Effects of prolactin on the proliferation and hormone secretion of ovine granulosa cells in vitro
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Programming effects of intrauterine hyperthermia on adrenal gland development
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Zinchuk, M., Druzhkova, T., Popova, S., Zhanina, M., Guekht, A., & Gulyaeva, N. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11123181 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Self-citationProlactin and Adrenal Androgens During Adrenarche
Íñiguez, G., Barnafi, E., Lalli, E., Pereira, A. P. R., Rosende, P. F., & Verónica Mericq, G. (2025) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.15227 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationReview: The role of prolactin in the maternal investment-survival balance
Huijsmans, T. E. R. G., Soom, A. V., Smits, K., Wauters, J., & Hildebrandt, T. B. (2024) · Theriogenology Wild · doi:10.1016/j.therwi.2024.100109 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sudman, M., Gruber, H., Bar-Sadeh, B., Refael, T., Golan, G., Shvartsman, N., Pnueli, L., Kronfeld‐Schor, N., & Melamed, P. (2026) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-026-02619-2
- Authors
- Lalli, E., & Figueiredo, B. C.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Lalli, Enzo
- Venue
- BioEssays
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-08-24
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e2200109-e2200109
- ISSN
- 0265-9247 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-1878
- OpenAlex
- W4293177412
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 0.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BioEssays (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-20-CE14-0007)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal Regulation and Hypertension
- Keywords
- prolactin, ACTH, steroidogenic factor 1, adrenal cortex, adrenal androgen production, sexual dimorphism, steroidogenesis, adrenal development, pituitary-adrenal axis
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Glands, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Androgens, Animals, Humans, Prolactin, Transcription Factors, Mice
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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