Cited by 169Circadian rhythm and melatoninRetinal Development and DisordersVisual perception and processing mechanisms

Melanopsin expressing human retinal ganglion cells: Subtypes, distribution, and intraretinal connectivity

Hannibal, Jens, Christiansen, Anders Tolstrup, Heegaard, Steffen, Fahrenkrug, Jan, Kiilgaard, Jens Folke·2017·Journal of Comparative Neurology

Abstract

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) expressing the photopigment melanopsin belong to a heterogenic population of RGCs which regulate the circadian clock, masking behavior, melatonin suppression, the pupillary light reflex, and sleep/wake cycles. The different functions seem to be associated to different subtypes of melanopsin cells. In rodents, subtype classification has associated subtypes to function. In primate and human retina such classification has so far, not been applied. In the present study using antibodies against N- and C-terminal parts of human melanopsin, confocal microscopy and 3D reconstruction of melanopsin immunoreactive (-ir) RGCs, we applied the criteria used in mouse on human melanopsin-ir RGCs. We identified M1, displaced M1, M2, and M4 cells. We found two other subtypes of melanopsin-ir RGCs, which were named "gigantic M1 (GM1)" and "gigantic displaced M1 (GDM1)." Few M3 cells and no M5 subtypes were labeled. Total cell counts from one male and one female retina revealed that the human retina contains 7283 ± 237 melanopsin-ir (0.63-0.75% of the total number of RGCs). The melanopsin subtypes were unevenly distributed. Most significant was the highest density of M4 cells in the nasal retina. We identified input to the melanopsin-ir RGCs from AII amacrine cells and directly from rod bipolar cells via ribbon synapses in the innermost ON layer of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and from dopaminergic amacrine cells and GABAergic processes in the outermost OFF layer of the IPL. The study characterizes a heterogenic population of human melanopsin-ir RGCs, which most likely are involved in different functions.

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Crossref · 10.1002/cne.24181

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Authors
Hannibal, J., Christiansen, A. T., Heegaard, S., Fahrenkrug, J., & Kiilgaard, J. F.
Affiliations
University of Copenhagen (DK)
Corresponding author
Hannibal, Jens
Venue
Journal of Comparative Neurology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2017-03-10
Volume
525
Issue
8
Pages
1934-1961
ISSN
  • 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
  • 1096-9861
OpenAlex
W2583910918
Cited by
169
References
82
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11
FWCI
9.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Keywords
intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, melanopsin, human retina, inner plexiform layer, AII amacrine cells, rod bipolar cells, ribbon synapses, dopaminergic amacrine cells, circadian photoreception
MeSH terms
Melanopsin, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Middle Aged, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Rod Opsins, Microscopy, Confocal, Imaging, Three-Dimensional

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