Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice
Open accessAbstract
In the mammalian retina, besides the conventional rod-cone system, a melanopsin-associated photoreceptive system exists that conveys photic information for accessory visual functions such as pupillary light reflex and circadian photo-entrainment. On ablation of the melanopsin gene, retinal ganglion cells that normally express melanopsin are no longer intrinsically photosensitive. Furthermore, pupil reflex, light-induced phase delays of the circadian clock and period lengthening of the circadian rhythm in constant light are all partially impaired. Here, we investigated whether additional photoreceptive systems participate in these responses. Using mice lacking rods and cones, we measured the action spectrum for phase-shifting the circadian rhythm of locomotor behaviour. This spectrum matches that for the pupillary light reflex in mice of the same genotype, and that for the intrinsic photosensitivity of the melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells. We have also generated mice lacking melanopsin coupled with disabled rod and cone phototransduction mechanisms. These animals have an intact retina but fail to show any significant pupil reflex, to entrain to light/dark cycles, and to show any masking response to light. Thus, the rod-cone and melanopsin systems together seem to provide all of the photic input for these accessory visual functions.
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Melanopsin (λmax ~480 nm) is expressed in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that mediate circadian entrainment, the pupillary light reflex, and light-regulated changes in mood.
“Additionally, melanopsin (λmax ~480 nm) is expressed in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that mediate circadian entrainment, the pupillary light reflex, and light-regulated changes in mood (Panda et al., 2003; Hattar et al., 2003; Fernandez et al., 2018).”
From Ventral striatum dopamine release encodes unique properties of visual stimuli in mice (2023) · cites this paper as Hattar et al., 2003
The Abstract identifies intrinsically photosensitive, melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells and links the melanopsin system to circadian photo-entrainment and the pupillary light reflex. It also reports an action-spectrum maximum near 480 nm. The paper does not address light-regulated changes in mood; its light-related behavioural measure is masking of locomotion. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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- Authors
- Hattar, S., Lucas, R. J., Mrosovsky, N., Thompson, S., Douglas, R. H., Hankins, M. W., Lem, J., Biel, M., Hofmann, F., Foster, R. G., & Yau, K.-W.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- City, University of London (GB)
- Tufts University (US)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Yau, K.-W.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2003-06-15
- Volume
- 424
- Issue
- 6944
- Pages
- 75-81
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC2885907
- OpenAlex
- W2014028088
- Cited by
- 1,245
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 20.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Eye Institute (R37EY006837, R01EY014596, R01EY006837)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Photoreceptor and optogenetics research
- Keywords
- melanopsin, pupillary light reflex, circadian phase shifting, action spectrum, retinal ganglion cells, mice, light entrainment
- MeSH terms
- Melanopsin, Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Darkness, Female, Ion Channels, Light, Male, Mice, Inbred C3H, Motor Activity, Reflex, Pupillary, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Vision, Ocular, Visual Perception, Rod Opsins, Gene Deletion, Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells, Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels
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