Central projections of melanopsin‐expressing retinal ganglion cells in the mouse
Open accessAbstract
A rare type of ganglion cell in mammalian retina is directly photosensitive. These novel retinal photoreceptors express the photopigment melanopsin. They send axons directly to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), and olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN), thereby contributing to photic synchronization of circadian rhythms and the pupillary light reflex. Here, we sought to characterize more fully the projections of these cells to the brain. By targeting tau‐lacZ to the melanopsin gene locus in mice, ganglion cells that would normally express melanopsin were induced to express, instead, the marker enzyme β‐galactosidase. Their axons were visualized by X‐gal histochemistry or anti‐β‐galactosidase immunofluorescence. Established targets were confirmed, including the SCN, IGL, OPN, ventral division of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGv), and preoptic area, but the overall projections were more widespread than previously recognized. Targets included the lateral nucleus, peri‐supraoptic nucleus, and subparaventricular zone of the hypothalamus, medial amygdala, margin of the lateral habenula, posterior limitans nucleus, superior colliculus, and periaqueductal gray. There were also weak projections to the margins of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Co‐staining with the cholera toxin B subunit to label all retinal afferents showed that melanopsin ganglion cells provide most of the retinal input to the SCN, IGL, and lateral habenula and much of that to the OPN, but that other ganglion cells do contribute at least some retinal input to these targets. Staining patterns after monocular enucleation revealed that the projections of these cells are overwhelmingly crossed except for the projection to the SCN, which is bilaterally symmetrical. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:326–349, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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There are several indirect pathways affected by light at night that may contribute to mood disturbances.
“In addition, there are several indirect pathways affected by light at night that may contribute to mood disturbances37.”
From Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes several routes by which retinal light signals reach brain regions involved in sleep, circadian activity, and neuroendocrine function. It does not address light specifically at night or suggest that these pathways contribute to mood disturbances. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredipRGCs have other direct and indirect targets throughout the brain, including mood-related structures such as the amygdala and habenula.
“In addition, ipRGCs have other direct and indirect targets throughout the brain, including mood-related structures (e.g. amygdala and habenula)37.”
From Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
The Discussion reports mRGC projections to the medial amygdala and habenular region, supporting the named anatomical targets. It does not characterize those structures as mood-related or establish a broader set of indirect ipRGC targets; its habenula discussion only suggests that some light responses may arise through indirect pathways. The indexed copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Hattar, S., Kumar, M., Park, A., Tong, P., Tung, J., Yau, K., & Berson, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Berson, David M.
- Venue
- Journal of Comparative Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-05-30
- Volume
- 497
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 326-349
- ISSN
- 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-9861
- PMC
- PMC2885916
- OpenAlex
- W2147949992
- Cited by
- 996
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 12.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY012793, R01EY017137, R01EY014596, R01EY006837)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC006904)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- melanopsin, retinal ganglion cells, retinal projections, suprachiasmatic nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet, olivary pretectal nucleus, pupillary light reflex, lateral habenula, lateral geniculate nucleus, lateral nucleus, superior colliculus, periaqueductal gray, medial amygdala, retinal afferents, monocular enucleation
- MeSH terms
- Melanopsin, Animals, beta-Galactosidase, Female, Functional Laterality, Male, Photoreceptor Cells, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Staining and Labeling, Visual Pathways, Eye Enucleation, Biomarkers, Rod Opsins, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Light Signal Transduction
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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