School refusal: categorical diagnoses, functional analysis and treatment planning
Abstract
Abstract School refusal is a complex and challenging problem for school personnel and mental health professionals. However, school refusal behaviour can be successfully treated provided there has been a sound assessment. We outline an hypothesis‐testing, multi‐informant assessment approach that incorporates diagnostic interviewing, functional analysis assessment, self‐report measures, parent/teacher checklists and review of school attendance records. Further, it is shown how assessment information facilitates individual treatment planning for the school‐refusing child and family. We also discuss the issue of graduated versus rapid school return arrangements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Anxiety- and mood-based categories are sometimes clustered in some youth with school attendance problems, as are oppositional defiant and conduct problems.
“Anxiety- and mood-based categories are sometimes clustered in some youth with school attendance problems, as are oppositional defiant and conduct problems (King et al., 2001).”
From Reconciling Contemporary Approaches to School Attendance and School Absenteeism: Toward Promotion and Nimble Response, Global Policy Review and Implementation, and Future Adaptability (Part 1) (2019) · cites this paper as King et al., 2001
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476 · see citing works
KAUFMAN, J., BIRMAHER, B., BRENT, D., RAO, U., FLYNN, C., MORECI, P., WILLIAMSON, D., & RYAN, N. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021 · Cited by 10,148 · see citing works
(1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 8,071 · see citing works
What I Think and Feel: A Revised Measure of Children's Manifest Anxiety
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1997) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1025751206600 · Cited by 1,939 · see citing works
Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children.
Kovács, M. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 1,924 · see citing works
What i think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00919131 · Cited by 1,741 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of the revised fear survey schedule for children (FSSC-R)
Ollendick, T. H. (1983) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(83)90087-6 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Self-citationHelping the noncompliant child : a clinician's guide to parent training
Forehand, R., McMahon, R. J., & Wahler, R. G. (1981) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 757 · see citing works
The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children
SILVERMAN, W. K., & NELLES, W. B. (1988) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198811000-00019 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Identifying the variables maintaining self-injurious behavior
Durand, V. M., & Crimmins, D. (1988) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02211821 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
The treatment utility of assessment: A functional approach to evaluating assessment quality.
Hayes, S. C., Nelson, R. O., & Jarrett, R. B. (1987) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.42.11.963 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
The treatment utility of assessment: A functional approach to evaluating assessment quality.
Hayes, S. C., Nelson, R. O., & Jarrett, R. B. (1987) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.42.11.963 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Cognitive‐Behavioral Treatment of School‐Refusing Children: A Controlled Evaluation
King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Heyne, D. A., Pritchard, M., Rollings, S., Young, D., Myerson, N., & Ollendick, T. H. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199804000-00017 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive-behavioral treatment of school phobia.
Last, C. G., Hansen, C., & Franco, N. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199804000-00018 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Handbook of parent training: Parents as co-therapists for children's behavior problems.
Schaefer, C. E., & Briesmeister, J. M. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Rapee, R. M., Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Evans, L. (1994) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199409000-00008 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
School refusal in anxiety-disordered children and adolescents
LAST, C. G., & STRAUSS, C. C. (1990) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199001000-00006 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
A Preliminary Analysis of a Functional Model of Assessment and Treatment for School Refusal Behavior
Kearney, C. A., & Silverman, W. K. (1990) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455900143007 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Measuring the Function of School Refusal Behavior: The School Refusal Assessment Scale
Kearney, C. A., & Silverman, W. K. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2201_9 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
School phobia: Rapid treatment of fifty cases.
Kennedy, W. A. (1965) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0022440 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Imipramine Plus Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of School Refusal
BERNSTEIN, G. A., BORCHARDT, C. M., PERWIEN, A. R., CROSBY, R. D., KUSHNER, M. G., THURAS, P. D., & LAST, C. G. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200003000-00008 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Negative affectivity in children: Development and validation of a self-statement questionnaire
Ronan, K. R., Kendall, P. C., & Rowe, M. (1994) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02355666 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Psychometric Evaluation of a Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children and Adolescents
Gullone, E., & King, N. J. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00920.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationChild and Adolescent Psychiatry. Modern Approaches
Robson, K. S., & Lewis, M. (1986) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60273-9 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The evolution and reconciliation of taxonomic strategies for school refusal behavior
Kearney, C. A., & Silverman, W. K. (1996) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1996.tb00087.x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Comorbidity and Severity of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in a Clinic Sample
Bernstein, G. A. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199101000-00007 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The behavioural treatment of school refusal—A comparative study
Blagg, N., & Yule, W. (1984) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(84)90100-1 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Children's phobias: a behavioural perspective
(1988) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-2402 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders in youth: Cognitive-behavioral interventions
Kendall, P. C. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Handbook of Prescriptive Treatments for Children and Adolescents
Ammerman, R. T., & Hersen, M. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Flakierska, N., Lindström, M., & Gillberg, C. (1997) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(97)90048-1 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Kearney, C. A., & Silverman, W. K. (1999) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(99)80032-x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Heyne, D. A., King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., & Cooper, H. (2001) · Pediatric Drugs · doi:10.2165/00128072-200103100-00002 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationSchool Refusal: Assessment and Treatment
King, N. J., Ollendick, T. H., & Tonge, B. J. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationImportance of treating individually assessed response classes in the amelioration of depression
McKnight, D. L., Nelson, R. O., Hayes, S. C., & Jarrett, R. B. (1984) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(84)80001-5 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The prescriptive treatment of school refusal
Burke, A. E., & Silverman, W. K. (1987) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(87)90016-x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Bools, C., Foster, J., Brown, I., & Berg, I. (1990) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700013350 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Berg, I., Butler, A., Franklin, J., Hayes, H., Lucas, C., & Sims, R. (1993) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01782.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Relaxation Training for Children
Koeppen, A. S. (2002) · doi:10.5040/9798216436829.0033 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Estimating the Prevalence of School Refusal and School-Related Fears
de Aldaz, E. G., Vivas, E., Gelfand, D. M., & Feldman, L. (1984) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198412000-00005 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Ollendick, T. H., & Mayer, J. A. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4694-4_9 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Self-efficacy Questionnaire for School Situations: Development and Psychometric Evaluation
Heyne, D., King, N., Tonge, B., Rollings, S., Pritchard, M., Young, D., & Myerson, N. (1998) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/s081348390000588x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationResearch on the cognitive-behavioral treatment of school refusal
King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Heyne, D. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00039-2 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationSchool phobia and its treatment
WARNECKE, R. (1964) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1964.tb01308.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chorpita, B. F., Albano, A. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Barlow, D. H. (1996) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(96)00023-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
School Phobia and its Treatment (1987)
Blagg, N. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203701553 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Depression and school refusal behavior: A review with comments on classification and treatment
Kearney, C. A. (1993) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(93)90010-g · Cited by 42 · see citing works
School Refusal: Graduated and Rapid Behavioural Treatment Strategies
King, N. J., & Ollendick, T. H. (1989) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048678909062138 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationSchool Refusal Behavior: Classification, Assessment, and Treatment Issues.
Lee, M. I., & Miltenberger, R. G. (1996) · Education and Treatment of Children · Cited by 33 · see citing works
School Refusal Behavior: Prevalence, Characteristics, and the Schools' Response.
Stickney, M. I., & Miltenberger, R. G. (1998) · Education and Treatment of Children · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Self-Management of School Phobia: A Case Study
McNamara, E. (1988) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s0141347300013665 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The fear survey schedule for children — ii (fssc-ii): Validity data as a treatment outcome measure
Gullone, E., King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Heyne, D. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2000) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050060008257485 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationEMOTIVE IMAGERY TREATMENT FOR CHILDHOOD PHOBIAS: A CREDIBLE AND EMPIRICALLY VALIDATED INTERVENTION?
King, N. J., Molloy, G. N., Heyne, D. A., Murphy, G. C., & Ollendick, T. H. (1998) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465898000125 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationSchool phobia and separation anxiety: Diagnostic and treatment comparisons
Phelps, L., Cox, D. L., & Bajorek, E. (1992) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/1520-6807(199210)29:4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hodges, V. (1968) · Educational Research · doi:10.1080/0013188680110110 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kearney, C. A., & Tillotson, C. A. (1998) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5323-6_8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Assessment Practices and Issues with School-refusing Children
Ollendick, T. H., & King, N. J. (1998) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/s0813483900005878 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 58 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
School absenteeism and school refusal behavior in youth: A contemporary review
Kearney, C. A. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.012 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Kearney, C. A. (2008) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-008-9078-3 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Assessing Reasons for School Non-attendance
Havik, T., Bru, E., & Ertesvåg, S. K. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2014.904424 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Kearney, C. A., Gonzálvez, C., Graczyk, P. A., & Fornander, M. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02222 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
School non-attendance: definitions, meanings, responses, interventions
Pellegrini, D. W. (2007) · Educational Psychology in Practice · doi:10.1080/02667360601154691 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Gonzálvez, C., Díaz-Herrero, Á., Sanmartín, R., Vicent, M., Sánchez, A. M. P., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16193731 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Effective intervention for school refusal behaviour
Nuttall, C., & Woods, K. A. (2013) · Educational Psychology in Practice · doi:10.1080/02667363.2013.846848 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Indicated Truancy Interventions: Effects on School Attendance among Chronic Truant Students
Maynard, B. R., McCrea, K. T., Pigott, T., & Kelly, M. S. (2012) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.4073/csr.2012.10 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Heyne, D. A., & King, N. J. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470753385.ch11 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, X., Liu, F., Cai, H., Huang, L., Li, Y., Mo, Z., & Lin, J. (2013) · International Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.3923/ijp.2013.197.203 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Tyrrell, M. (2005) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/10598405050210030401 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Gonzálvez, C., Inglés, C. J., Sanmartín, R., Vicent, M., Fernández‐Sogorb, A., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2018) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2018.05.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Heyne, D. A. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-28370-8_60 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationTele-hypnosis in the Treatment of Adolescent School Refusal
Aviv, A. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00029157.2006.10401550 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Shilvock, G. G. (2010) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Strömbeck, J., Heyne, D., Ferrer-Wreder, L., & Alanko, K. (2024) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02618-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationMaynard, B. R. (2010) · Loyola eCommons (Loyola University of Chicago) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lee, H. (2019) · UEL Research Repository (University of East London) · doi:10.15123/uel.8873w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jahanaray, M., Jahanaray, A., & Pasha, A. (2025) · Continuity in Education · doi:10.5334/cie.169 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
School Refusal:Characteristics, Assessment, and Effective Treatment: A Child and Parent Perspective
Brill, L. D. (2009) · Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Walters, M. P. (2006) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Nelson, L. (2013) · UEL Research Repository (University of East London) · doi:10.15123/pub.4000
School refusal behavior in children and adolescents: a concept analysis
Wang, L., Li, X., Li, X., Lei, M., Hong, L., & Xue, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1954084
- Authors
- King, N. J., Heyne, D., Tonge, B., Gullone, E., & Ollendick, T. H.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Corresponding author
- King, Neville J.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 352-360
- ISSN
- 1063-3995 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0879
- OpenAlex
- W2026121436
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- school refusal, functional analysis, treatment planning, multi-informant assessment, diagnostic interviewing, school attendance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review