Socioeconomic correlates of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in primary care: the GADIS II study (Generalized Anxiety and Depression Impact Survey II)
Open accessAbstract
A previous Generalized Anxiety Disorder Impact Survey (GADIS I) performed on 15,399 Belgian patients consulting their primary care physicians, revealed high prevalences of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depression (MD) with important regional differences. The objective of this study (GADIS II) was to replicate previous findings and to evaluate the role of socioeconomic factors in the diagnoses of GAD and MD. A large-scale cross-sectional survey was conducted in a random sample of 377 general practitioners distributed geographically over Belgium and Luxemburg. Each physician was asked to screen 40 consecutive patients at predefined time periods for the presence of GAD and MD using sections of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Socioeconomic parameters were collected. The level of impairment was assessed using the Sheehan Disability Scale. In a sample of 13,699 patients, point prevalences of GAD and of MD were found to be 13.4 and 11.0%, respectively. Overall, 17.8% of the population was positive for GAD and/or MD. Both disorders were significantly more frequent in women than in men. Marked regional differences were observed with prevalences for GAD and/or MD of 24.2% in Brussels, 22.7% in Wallonia, 13.6% in Luxemburg and 12.9% in Flanders. Several socioeconomic factors were significantly associated with positive diagnoses: living alone, a low level of education and unemployment. However, regional differences remained significant even after controlling for socioeconomic factors. The study confirms the high prevalence of GAD and MD in primary care and the role of several socioeconomic and regional factors in the illnesses.
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Before the pandemic, women, younger adults, people with less education or lower socioeconomic position, Black, Asian, and minority ethnic individuals, and people living alone were more likely to have higher depression and anxiety than their comparison groups.
“Women, younger adults, individuals with lower educational attainment and socioeconomic position, individuals from Black, Asian, and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds, and individuals living alone are more likely to experience higher levels of depression and anxiety than men, older adults, individuals with higher educational attainment and socioeconomic position, individuals from white backgrounds”
From Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
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“The prevalence of GAD in our study is similar to the global figure found in the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Impact Survey II (GADIS-II) study (Ansseau et al., 2008) in Belgium and Luxemburg assessed by M.”
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Factors Influencing Smartphone Adoption: A Study in the Indian Bottom of the Pyramid Context
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“Some medical and psychological studies have already established that socio-economic conditions are highly correlated to anxiety and people in the lower socio-economic strata are likely to be more affected by anxiety (Ansseau et al., 2007; Mwinyi et al., 2017).”
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Risk factors for positive depression screens in hospitalized cardiac patients
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“, 2012), affecting diverse areas of the individual’s life (Ansseau et al., 2008) and highlighting the need to not neglect this comorbidity.”
BackgroundPoint prevalence of major depression in Estonia. Results from the 2006 Estonian Health Survey
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“Anxiety and depressive disorders are highly prevalent in the general population [1] and associated with disability and low quality of life [2, 3].”
BackgroundGeneralized anxiety disorder among adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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Psychometric Properties of a Russian Version of the General Health Questionnaire-28
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“However, common risk factors for depression in the general population, such as obesity [19], smoking [20], education background [21, 22]were not associated with depression in men undergoing ART treatments in the present study(Table 3).”
BackgroundIdentification of major depressive disorder among the long-term unemployed
Nurmela, K., Mattila, A. K., Heikkinen, V., Uitti, J., Ylinen, A., & Virtanen, P. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1457-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Pharmacotherapy Update: Pregabalin in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Associations Between Death Fascination, Death Anxiety and Religion among Polish College Students
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“Indeed, studies (Ansseau et al., 2007) found a higher score of IU among medical populations.”
BackgroundThe Effect of Depressive Symptoms on Low-Income Men in Responsible Fathering Programs
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Major depression in Estonia: prevalence, associated factors, and use of health services
Kleinberg, A. (2014) · DSpace repository (University of Tartu) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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“Associations between participation in social as well as physical activities and better mental health among older adults are well established (Ansseau et al., 2008; Vink et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2018); however, the potential impact of lower social and physical activity that has occurred during…”
BackgroundSocio-demographic factors, behaviour and personality: associations with psychological distress
McKenzie, S. H., Jayasinghe, U. W., Fanaian, M., Passey, M. E., Lyle, D. M., Davies, G. P., & Harris, M. (2011) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/1741826711399426 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“External stressors that may impact on psychological distress include markers of socioeconomic status (SES) such as employment, education level, accommodation, language difficulties and location.(10) The prevalence of moderate to high levels of psychological distress in Australia is 14.”
BackgroundResultEmployment Status, Anxiety and Depression in a Municipal Context
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Prevalence and clinical characteristics of remission during treatment in generalized anxiety
Destoop, M., Eede, F. V. D., Ansseau, M., Albert, A., Vanbelle, S., Mignon, A., Slachmuylders, P., & Sabbe, B. (2013) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2013.784789 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Socioeconomic characteristics have been reported as signifi cant risk factors with substantial consequences on generalized anxiety (Ansseau et al. 2008; Hunt et al. 2002; Pollack 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHow do we manage patients who become unemployed?
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Macroeconomic determinants of antidepressant use
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Emotions into Disorder: Anxiety Disorders and the Social Meaning of Fear
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Depression and Anxiety Emerging From Heavy Metals
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“SEP, yet those who have find education [10], financial strain”
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Mental Health in Primary Care: Co-Morbid Anxiety and Depression in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
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An observational study on prescription pattern of drugs in anxiety disorders
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“Control variables were selected based on previous studies as factors that in fl uenced mental health: age groups [7], household composition [27 – 29], residential area [30,31], level of education [32], household income [33], perceived health status [34], and alcohol consumption [35,36].”
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Ethical Care for Vulnerable Populations Receiving Psychotropic Treatment
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“Being unemployed or having a lower level of education has also been linked to increased anxiety and depression as diagnosed by providers (Ansseau et al., 2008).”
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- Authors
- Ansseau, M., Fischler, B., Dierick, M., Albert, A., Leyman, S., & Mignon, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Liège (BE)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Pierre (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Ansseau, Marc
- ORCID
- Albert, Adelin
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 506-513
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6394
- OpenAlex
- W2125784054
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, socioeconomic factors, primary care, prevalence, regional variation, living alone, educational attainment, unemployment, sex differences, disability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety Disorders, Belgium, Combined Modality Therapy, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Family Practice, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Luxembourg, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Psychotherapy, Socioeconomic Factors, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Comorbidity
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