COVID stress syndrome: Concept, structure, and correlates

Taylor, Steven; Landry, Caeleigh A.; Paluszek, Michelle M.; Fergus, Thomas A.; McKay, Dean; Asmundson, Gordon J. G.

doi:10.1002/da.23071

Cited by 673COVID-19 and Mental HealthAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

COVID stress syndrome: Concept, structure, and correlates

Open access

Taylor, Steven, Landry, Caeleigh A., Paluszek, Michelle M., Fergus, Thomas A., McKay, Dean, Asmundson, Gordon J. G.·2020·Depression and Anxiety

DOI 10.1002/da.23071PMC PMC7362150

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Research shows that the COVID Stress Scales have a robust multifactorial structure, representing five correlated facets of COVID-19-related distress: (a) Fear of the dangerousness of COVID-19, which includes fear of coming into contact with fomites potentially contaminated with SARSCoV2, (b) worry about socioeconomic costs of COVID-19 (e.g., worry about personal finances and disruption in the supply chain), (c) xenophobic fears that foreigners are spreading SARSCoV2, (d) traumatic stress symptoms associated with direct or vicarious traumatic exposure to COVID-19 (nightmares, intrusive thoughts, or images related to COVID-19), and (e) COVID-19-related compulsive checking and reassurance seeking. These factors cohere to form a COVID stress syndrome, which we sought to further delineate in the present study. METHODS: A population-representative sample of 6,854 American and Canadian adults completed a self-report survey comprising questions about current mental health and COVID-19-related experiences, distress, and coping. RESULTS: Network analysis revealed that worry about the dangerousness of COVID-19 is the central feature of the syndrome. Latent class analysis indicated that the syndrome is quasi-dimensional, comprising five classes differing in syndrome severity. Sixteen percent of participants were in the most severe class and possibly needing mental health services. Syndrome severity was correlated with preexisting psychopathology and with excessive COVID-19-related avoidance, panic buying, and coping difficulties during self-isolation. CONCLUSION: The findings provide new information about the structure and correlates of COVID stress syndrome. Further research is needed to determine whether the syndrome will abate once the pandemic has passed or whether, for some individuals, it becomes a chronic condition.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/da.23071

Cites

20 of 20 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The outbreak of COVID-19 was a catalyst for anxiety and stress, including worry about the self, others, and the economy.
“For many, the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was a catalyst for anxiety and stress, including worry about the self, others, and the economy (Saeed et al., 2022; Taylor et al., 2020; Vinkers et al., 2020).”
From Mindfulness Effects on Anxiety: Disentangling the Role of Decentering and Treatment Expectations (2024) · cites this paper as Taylor et al., 2020
The Introduction describes widespread COVID-19-related distress, and the Abstract’s Background identifies fear of infection and worry about socioeconomic costs, including personal finances. The passages do not identify worry about others’ well-being as a component; their references to others concern fears that foreigners might spread the virus and distress from vicarious exposure. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The COVID-19 pandemic provided new incentives for a reconceptualization of the notion of the traumatic stressor, as its negative impact relates to the future rather than the past and to indirect as much as to direct exposure.
“The COVID-19 pandemic provided new incentives for a reconceptualization of the very notion of the traumatic stressor (as captured, eg, in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition), as its negative impact relates to the future rather than the past and to indirect as much as to direct exposure [62,63].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
The Introduction describes traumatic stress symptoms associated with direct or vicarious exposure to COVID-19, and the Discussion links distress to fears about infection and its consequences. But the paper does not argue that the pandemic requires reconceptualizing the DSM-5 notion of a traumatic stressor or that trauma's impact concerns the future rather than the past. The Discussion says the syndrome’s fit with DSM-5 disorders was not assessed. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923 · see citing works
Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper
Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1 · Cited by 5,715 · see citing works
Qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data
Epskamp, S., Cramer, A., Waldorp, L., Schmittmann, V., & Borsboom, D. (2012) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v048.i04 · Cited by 4,844 · see citing works
The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8 · Cited by 4,332 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Recent conceptualizations of COVID‐19‐related distress tend to be narrow and unidimensional, focusing largely on fear of infection (Ahorsu et al., 2020; Lee, 2020; Mertens et al., 2020).”
Background
A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations.
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213 · Cited by 4,307 · see citing works
An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ–4
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2009) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(09)70864-3 · Cited by 4,261 · see citing works
The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Development and validation of a short version.
Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.485 · Cited by 2,959 · see citing works
Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale
Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. A. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014 · Cited by 2,288 · see citing works
Self-citation
Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3
Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M. J., Cox, B. J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R. G., Ledley, D. R., Abramowitz, J. S., Holaway, R. M., Sandin, B., Stewart, S. H., et al. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.176 · Cited by 1,866 · see citing works
Self-citation
Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety
Lee, S. A. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1748481 · Cited by 1,649 · see citing works
The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis
SALKOVSKIS, P. M., RIMES, K. A., WARWICK, H. M. C., & CLARK, D. M. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702005822 · Cited by 1,351 · see citing works
Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020
Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258 · Cited by 1,264 · see citing works
Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales
Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232 · Cited by 1,169 · cited 8× · see citing works
“In a study of a population‐representative sample of 6,854 adults from the United States and Canada, Taylor et al. (2020) reported data on reliability (i.e., internal consistency), validity (i.e., convergent, discriminant), and factor‐analytic stability (i.e., using two independent subsamples of the full sample) of the…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Untitled work
(2020) · Cited by 1,012 · see citing works
Self-citation
Perceived vulnerability to disease: Development and validation of a 15-item self-report instrument
Duncan, L. A., Schaller, M., & Park, J. H. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.001 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Mental Health of Communities during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Vigo, D., Patten, S. B., PAJER, K. A., Krausz, M. R., Taylor, S. J., Rush, B. R., Raviola, G. J., Saxena, S., Thornicroft, G., & Yatham, L. N. (2020) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743720926676 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Wiley Handbook of Psychometric Testing
Epskamp, S., Maris, G., Waldorp, L., & Borsboom, D. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118489772 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
The Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale–Revised: An examination of a reduced-item version
Fergus, T. A., & Valentiner, D. P. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.009 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citation
Treating Health Anxiety: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
Martini, S. (2005) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.9.1163-a · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Parenting school-aged children after the death of a child: A qualitative study on victims’ families of the Sewol ferry disaster in South Korea
Lee, D. H., & Khang, M. (2018) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1515794 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analyses for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Taylor, S. (2017). Clinician's guide to PTSD (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.

Sorted by citations

Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the mental health status of undergraduate medical students in a COVID-19 treating medical college: a prospective longitudinal study
Saraswathi, I., Saikarthik, J., Senthil Kumar, K., Madhan Srinivasan, K., Ardhanaari, M., & Gunapriya, R. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.10164 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Why the COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic stressor
Bridgland, V. M. E., Moeck, E. K., Green, D. M., Swain, T. L., Nayda, D. M., Matson, L. A., Hutchison, N. P., & Takarangi, M. K. T. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240146 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Do pre-existing anxiety-related and mood disorders differentially impact COVID-19 stress responses and coping?
Asmundson, G. J. G., Paluszek, M. M., Landry, C. A., Rachor, G. S., McKay, D., & Taylor, S. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102271 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Self-citation
Negative attitudes about facemasks during the COVID-19 pandemic: The dual importance of perceived ineffectiveness and psychological reactance
Taylor, S. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246317 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citation
Positive psychology in a pandemic: buffering, bolstering, and building mental health
Waters, L., Algoe, S. B., Dutton, J., Emmons, R., Fredrickson, B. L., Heaphy, E., Moskowitz, J. T., Neff, K., Niemiec, R., Pury, C., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.1871945 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
“By giving ourselves compassion for the pain we’re going through, we will be stronger, more stable, and more able to cope with the stress of the Covid-19 pandemic without becoming overwhelmed.”
BackgroundInfluential
Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories and Misinformation About COVID-19: Comparative Perspectives on the Role of Anxiety, Depression and Exposure to and Trust in Information Sources
Coninck, D. D., Frissen, T., Matthijs, K., d’Haenens, L., Lits, G., Champagne-Poirier, O., Carignan, M.-È., David, M. D., Pignard-Cheynel, N., Salerno, S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646394 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Fear and avoidance of healthcare workers: An important, under-recognized form of stigmatization during the COVID-19 pandemic
Taylor, S. J., Landry, C. A., Rachor, G. S., Paluszek, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102289 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Self-citation
The impact of COVID-19 experiences and associated stress on anxiety, depression, and functional impairment in American adults
Gallagher, M. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Long, L. J., Rogers, A. H., & Garey, L. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10143-y · Cited by 262 · see citing works
The relationship between perceived stress and emotional distress during the COVID-19 outbreak: Effects of boredom proneness and coping style
Yan, L., Gan, Y., Ding, X., Wu, J., & Duan, H. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102328 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Influence of COVID-19 on the Perception of Academic Self-Efficacy, State Anxiety, and Trait Anxiety in College Students
Arrebola, I. A., Ruiz, G. R., Vera, J. G., & Mingorance-Estrada, Á. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570017 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Substance use and abuse, COVID-19-related distress, and disregard for social distancing: A network analysis
Taylor, S. J., Paluszek, M. M., Rachor, G. S., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106754 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citation
COVID-19 and Student Well-Being: Stress and Mental Health during Return-to-School
Schwartz, K. D., Exner‐Cortens, D., McMorris, C. A., Makarenko, E. M., Arnold, P. D., Bavel, M. V., Williams, S., & Canfield, R. (2021) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/08295735211001653 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Addressing the mental health impact of COVID-19 through population health
Boden, M., Zimmerman, L., Azevedo, K. J., Ruzek, J. I., Gala, S., Abdel Magid, H. S., Cohen, N., Walser, R., Mahtani, N. D., Hoggatt, K. J., et al. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102006 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Fear and Risk Perception During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Alsharawy, A., Spoon, R., Smith, A., & Ball, S. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689467 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Facing new fears during the COVID-19 pandemic: The State of America's mental health
Fitzpatrick, K. M., Drawve, G., & Harris, C. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102291 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Psychological impact of COVID-19 in the Swedish population: Depression, anxiety, and insomnia and their associations to risk and vulnerability factors
McCracken, L. M., Badinlou, F., Buhrman, M., & Brocki, K. C. (2020) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.81 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Worry, avoidance, and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive network analysis
Taylor, S. J., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Rachor, G. S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102327 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citation
Individual Differences, Economic Stability, and Fear of Contagion as Risk Factors for PTSD Symptoms in the COVID-19 Emergency
Crosta, A. D., Palumbo, R., Marchetti, D., Ceccato, I., Malva, P. L., Maiella, R., Cipi, M., Roma, P., Mammarella, N., Verrocchio, M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567367 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The Psychology of Pandemics
Taylor, S. (2022) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-020131 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fear of COVID 19 Infection Across Different Cohorts: A Scoping Review
Quadros, S., Garg, S., Ranjan, R., Vijayasarathi, G., & Mamun, M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.708430 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The relationship between burden caused by coronavirus (Covid-19), addictive social media use, sense of control and anxiety
Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106720 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Psychological distress in North America during COVID-19: The role of pandemic-related stressors
Zheng, J., Morstead, T., Sin, N. L., Klaiber, P., Umberson, D., Kamble, S. V., & DeLongis, A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113687 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Longitudinal changes of anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: The role of pre-existing anxiety, depressive, and other mental disorders
Bendau, A., Kunas, S. L., Wyka, S., Petzold, M. B., Plag, J., Asselmann, E., & Ströhle, A. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102377 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
COVID-19 and traumatic stress: The role of perceived vulnerability, COVID-19-related worries, and social isolation
Boyraz, G., Legros, D. N., & Tigershtrom, A. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102307 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis
Di Blasi, M., Gullo, S., Mancinelli, E., Freda, M. F., Esposito, G., Gelo, O. C. G., Lagetto, G., Giordano, C., Mazzeschi, C., Pazzagli, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Suicidal ideation and thoughts of self‐harm during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The role of COVID‐19‐related stress, social isolation, and financial strain
Elbogen, E. B., Lanier, M., Blakey, S. M., Wagner, H. R., & Tsai, J. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23162 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Understanding and managing pandemic-related panic buying
Taylor, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102364 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citation
Anxiety disorders, climate change, and the challenges ahead: Introduction to the special issue
Taylor, S. J. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102313 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citation
Resilience and Disaster: Flexible Adaptation in the Face of Uncertain Threat
Bonanno, G. A., Chen, S., Bagrodia, R., & Galatzer‐Levy, I. R. (2023) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-011123-024224 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Stress and Symptom Burden in Oncology Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Miaskowski, C. A., Paul, S. M., Snowberg, K. E., Abbott, M., Borno, H. T., Chang, S. M., Chen, L. M., Cohen, B., Hammer, M. J., Kenfield, S. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.08.037 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Viral tunes: changes in musical behaviours and interest in coronamusic predict socio-emotional coping during COVID-19 lockdown
Fink, L., Warrenburg, L., Howlin, C., Randall, W. M., Hansen, N. C., & Wald‐Fuhrmann, M. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00858-y · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The protective role of life satisfaction, coping strategies and defense mechanisms on perceived stress due to COVID-19 emergency: A chained mediation model
Gori, A., Topino, E., & Fabio, A. D. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242402 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Health anxiety related to problematic smartphone use and gaming disorder severity during COVID ‐19: Fear of missing out as a mediator
Elhai, J. D., McKay, D., Yang, H., Minaya, C., Montag, C., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.227 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citation
Intolerance of uncertainty as a factor linking obsessive-compulsive symptoms, health anxiety and concerns about the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in the United States
Wheaton, M. G., Messner, G. R., & Marks, J. B. (2021) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100605 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The impact of the coronavirus pandemic on specific symptom dimensions and severity in OCD: A comparison before and during COVID-19 in the context of stress responses
Khosravani, V., Aardema, F., Ardestani, S. M. S., & Bastan, F. S. (2021) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2021.100626 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Health Anxiety, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Distress (In)Tolerance
Sauer, K. S., Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197241 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Development of parent-adolescent relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of stress and coping.
Donker, M. H., Mastrotheodoros, S., & Branje, S. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001212 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Teachers’ Engagement in and Coping with Emergency Remote Instruction During COVID-19-Induced School Closures: A Multinational Contextual Perspective
Jelińska, M., & Paradowski, M. B. (2021) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v25i1.2492 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Social Support and Optimism as Protective Factors for Mental Health among 7765 Healthcare Workers in Germany during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of the VOICE Study
Schug, C., Morawa, E., Geiser, F., Hiebel, N., Beschoner, P., Jerg‐Bretzke, L., Albus, C., Weidner, K., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Borho, A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073827 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Duplaga, M., & Grysztar, M. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9010043 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
The association between depression symptoms, psychological burden caused by Covid-19 and physical activity: An investigation in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Spain
Brailovskaia, J., Cosci, F., Mansueto, G., Miragall, M., Herrero, R., Baños, R., Krasavtseva, Y., Kochetkov, Y., & Margraf, J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113596 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Anxiety, depression, and health anxiety in undergraduate students living in initial US outbreak “hotspot” during COVID-19 pandemic
Kibbey, M. M., Fedorenko, E. J., & Farris, S. G. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2020.1853805 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Health anxiety, perceived stress, and coping styles in the shadow of the COVID-19
Garbóczy, S., Szemán-Nagy, A., Ahmad, M. S., Harsányi, S., Ocsenás, D., Rekenyi, V., Al‐Tammemi, A. B., & Kolozsvári, L. R. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00560-3 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Addictive social media use during Covid-19 outbreak: Validation of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) and investigation of protective factors in nine countries
Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03182-z · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in Spain: comparison between community controls and patients with a psychiatric disorder. Preliminary results from the BRIS-MHC STUDY.
Solé, B., Verdolini, N., Amoretti, S., Montejo, L., Rosa, A. R., Hogg, B., García‐Rizo, C., Mezquida, G., Bernardo, M., Martínez‐Arán, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.099 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
COVID Stress Syndrome: Clinical and Nosological Considerations
Taylor, S. J. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01226-y · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citation
Coronaphobia revisted: A state-of-the-art on pandemic-related fear, anxiety, and stress
Asmundson, G. J. G., & Taylor, S. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102326 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citation
Resilience and physical activity in people under home isolation due to COVID-19: A preliminary evaluation
Carriedo, A., Estrada, J. A. C., Fernández‐Río, J., & Mendez‐Giménez, A. (2020) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100361 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Perceived vulnerability to disease, knowledge about COVID-19, and changes in preventive behavior during lockdown in a German convenience sample
Stangier, U., Kananian, S., & Schüller, J. S. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01456-6 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-efficacy and resilience as predictors of students’ academic motivation in online education
Abdolrezapour, P., Ganjeh, S. J., & Ghanbari, N. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285984 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The link between ego-resiliency, social support, SARS-CoV-2 anxiety and trauma effects. Polish adaptation of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale
Skalski‐Bednarz, S. B., Uram, P., Dobrakowski, P. P., & Kwiatkowska, A. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110540 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
How is the COVID-19 pandemic affecting individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms?
Wheaton, M. G., Ward, H. E., Silber, A., McIngvale, E., & Björgvinsson, Þ. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102410 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The Relationship between Social Media Use, Stress Symptoms and Burden Caused by Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Germany and Italy: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Investigation
Brailovskaia, J., Cosci, F., Mansueto, G., & Margraf, J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100067 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The Persian COVID stress scales (Persian-CSS) and COVID-19-related stress reactions in patients with obsessive-compulsive and anxiety disorders
Khosravani, V., Asmundson, G. J. G., Taylor, S. J., Bastan, F. S., & Ardestani, S. M. S. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100615 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citation
Hotel attributes and overall customer satisfaction: What did COVID-19 change?
Srivastava, A., & Kumar, V. (2021) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100867 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pre-existing and post-pandemic insomnia symptoms are associated with high levels of stress, anxiety and depression globally during the COVID-19 pandemic
Meaklim, H., Junge, M. F., Varma, P., Finck, W. A., & Jackson, M. L. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9354 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The opportunities and challenges of telemedicine during COVID-19 pandemic
Фанилевич, Г. И., Gallyametdinov, A., Beylerli, O., Valitov, E., Alyshov, A. B., Павлов, В. Н., Измайлов, А. А., & Zhao, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.52586/e885 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Fear of COVID‐19, poor quality of sleep, irritability, and intention to quit school among nursing students: A cross‐sectional study
Santos, J. A. A. D. L., Labrague, L. J., & Falguera, C. C. (2021) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12781 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The effect of the Baduanjin exercise on COVID-19-related anxiety, psychological well-being and lower back pain of college students during the pandemic
Li, K., Walczak‐Kozłowska, T., Lipowski, M., Li, J., Krokosz, D., Su, Y., Yu, H., & Fan, H. (2022) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-022-00493-3 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Pre-pandemic disgust proneness predicts increased coronavirus anxiety and safety behaviors: Evidence for a diathesis-stress model
Cox, R. C., Jessup, S. C., Luber, M. J., & Olatunji, B. O. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102315 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
COVID-19 stress and substance use: Current issues and future preparations
McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102274 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
Adolescent Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Impact of the Pandemic on Developmental Milestones
Garagiola, E. R., Lam, Q., Wachsmuth, L. S., Tan, T. Y., Ghali, S., Asafo, S. M., & Swarna, M. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12070220 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Do fear of COVID-19 and religious coping predict depression, anxiety, and stress among the Arab population during health crisis?
Yıldırım, M., Arslan, G., & Alkahtani, A. M. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1882617 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Associations Between Change in Outside Time Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Public Health Restrictions and Mental Health: Brief Research Report
Churchill, S. L., Lansing, J. E., Brower, C. S., McDowell, C. P., Herring, M. P., & Meyer, J. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.619129 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Multi-level drivers of tobacco use and purchasing behaviors during COVID-19 “lockdown”: A qualitative study in the United States
Giovenco, D. P., Spillane, T. E., Maggi, R. M., Lee, E. Y., & Philbin, M. M. (2021) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103175 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress, mood, and substance use among young adults in the greater Minneapolis-St. Paul area: Findings from project EAT
Emery, R. L., Johnson, S. T., Simone, M., Loth, K. A., Berge, J. M., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113826 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Social and parasocial relationships during COVID-19 social distancing
Bond, B. J. (2021) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075211019129 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
A Qualitative Study of COVID-19 Distress in University Students
Farris, S. G., Kibbey, M. M., Fedorenko, E. J., & DiBello, A. M. (2021) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968211025128 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Stressors faced by healthcare professionals and coping strategies during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany
Frenkel, M. O., Pollak, K. M., Schilling, O., Voigt, L., Fritzsching, B., Wrzus, C., Egger-Lampl, S., Merle, U., Weigand, M. A., & Mohr, S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261502 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Real versus illusory personal growth in response to COVID-19 pandemic stressors
Asmundson, G. J. G., Paluszek, M. M., & Taylor, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102418 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citation
Resilience and Mental Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Serial Mediation by Persistent Thinking and Anxiety About Coronavirus
Skalski‐Bednarz, S. B., Konaszewski, K., Büssing, A., & Surżykiewicz, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.810274 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Accepting Restrictions and Compliance With Recommended Preventive Behaviors for COVID-19: A Discussion Based on the Key Approaches and Current Research on Fear Appeals
Demirtaş-Madran, H. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.558437 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A cross-sectional study of pain status and psychological distress among individuals living with chronic pain: the Chronic Pain & COVID-19 Pan-Canadian Study
Pagé, M. G., Lacasse, A., Dassieu, L., Hudspith, M., Moor, G., Sutton, K., Thompson, J. M., Dorais, M., Janelle-Montcalm, A., Sourial, N., et al. (2021) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.41.5.01 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Role of Stress and Cognitive Absorption in Predicting Social Network Addiction
Cannito, L., Annunzi, E., Viganò, C. A., Dell’Osso, B. M., Vismara, M. E. M., Sacco, P. L., Palumbo, R., & D’Addario, C. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12050643 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
COVID-19 and Phishing: Effects of Human Emotions, Behavior, and Demographics on the Success of Phishing Attempts During the Pandemic
Abroshan, H., Devos, J., Poels, G., & Laermans, E. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3109091 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Investigating stress, anxiety, social support and sex satisfaction on physical education and sports teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ali, M. F., Kundra, S., Alam, M. A., & Alam, M. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07860 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
COVID-19 and OCD: Potential impact of exposure and response prevention therapy
Sheu, J. C., McKay, D., & Storch, E. A. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102314 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citation
Comparison of COVID‐19 laboratory diagnosis by commercial kits: Effectivity of RT‐PCR to the RT‐LAMP
Artik, Y., Coşğun, A. B., Cesur, N. P., Hızel, N., Uyar, Y., Sur, H., & Ayan, A. (2022) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27559 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Brain volumetric changes in the general population following the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown
Salomon, T., Cohen, A., Barazany, D., Ben-Zvi, G., Botvinik‐Nezer, R., Gera, R., Oren, S., Roll, D., Rozic, G., Saliy, A., et al. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118311 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
COVID-19 worry, mental health indicators, and preparedness for future care needs across the adult lifespan
Maxfield, M., & Pituch, K. A. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1828272 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Garbage in, garbage out: The tenuous state of research on PTSD in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and infodemic
Asmundson, G. J. G., & Taylor, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102368 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of anxiety sensitivity, disgust, and intolerance of uncertainty on the COVID stress syndrome: a longitudinal assessment of transdiagnostic constructs and the behavioural immune system
Paluszek, M. M., Asmundson, A. J. N., Landry, C. A., McKay, D., Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.1877339 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citation
Physical Activity Is Related to Mood States, Anxiety State and Self-Rated Health in COVID-19 Lockdown
Reigal, R. E., Páez-Maldonado, J. A., Brincones, J. L. P., Morillo-Baro, J. P., Hernández-Mendo, A., & Morales‐Sánchez, V. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13105444 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The effects of COVID-19 continuous traumatic stressors on mental health and cognitive functioning: A case example from Turkey
Kira, I. A., Alpay, E. H., Ayna, Y. E., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Ashby, J. S., & Türkeli, A. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01743-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Should I buy or not? Revisiting the concept and measurement of panic buying
Cham, T., Cheng, B. L., Lee, Y.-H., & Cheah, J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03089-9 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Nosological Exploration of PTSD and Trauma in Disaster Mental Health and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic
North, C. S., Surís, A., & Pollio, D. E. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11010007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Changes in Mental Health Among People with HIV During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Qualitative and Quantitative Perspectives
Parisi, C. E., Varma, D. S., Wang, Y., Vaddiparti, K., Ibañez, G. E., Cruz, L., & Cook, R. L. (2022) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03547-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
COVID-19, Mental Health, and Chronic Illnesses: A Syndemic Perspective
Saqib, K., Qureshi, A. S., & Butt, Z. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043262 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Psychological and Emotional Impact of Patients Living in Psychiatric Treatment Communities during Covid-19 Lockdown in Italy
Burrai, J., Roma, P., Barchielli, B., Biondi, S., Cordellieri, P., Fraschetti, A., Pizzimenti, A., Mazza, C., Ferracuti, S., & Giannini, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9113787 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Substance use and abuse associated with the behavioral immune system during COVID-19: The special case of healthcare workers and essential workers
McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106522 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citation
“I hate it, it’s ruining my life”: College students’ early academic year experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Madrigal, L. A., & Blevins, A. (2021) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1037/trm0000336 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on university students’ anxiety disorder in Italy
Busetta, G., Campolo, M. G., Fiorillo, F., Pagani, L., Panarello, D., & Augello, V. (2021) · Genus · doi:10.1186/s41118-021-00135-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
How does COVID stress vary across the anxiety-related disorders? Assessing factorial invariance and changes in COVID Stress Scale scores during the pandemic
Asmundson, G. J. G., Rachor, G. S., Drakes, D. H., Boehme, B. A. E., Paluszek, M. M., & Taylor, S. J. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102554 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
Teachers’ Well-Being, Emotions, and Motivation During Emergency Remote Teaching Due to COVID-19
Panadero, E., Fraile, J., Pinedo, L., Rodríguez-Hernández, C. F., Eizmendi, E. B., & Díez, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.826828 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
From low sense of control to problematic smartphone use severity during Covid-19 outbreak: The mediating role of fear of missing out and the moderating role of repetitive negative thinking
Brailovskaia, J., Stirnberg, J., Rozgonjuk, D., Margraf, J., & Elhai, J. D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261023 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Associations between Personality Traits, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Coping Strategies, and Stress in Italian Frontline and Non-Frontline HCWs during the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Multi-Group Path-Analysis
Bongelli, R., Canestrari, C., Fermani, A., Muzi, M., Riccioni, I., Bertolazzi, A., & Burro, R. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9081086 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A bibliometric analysis of COVID‐19 publications in the ten psychology‐related Web of Science categories in the social science citation index
Ho, Y., Fu, H., & McKay, D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23227 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Analyzing the role of resilience and life satisfaction as mediators of the impact of COVID‐19 worries on mental health
Tamarit, A., de la Barrera, U., Schoeps, K., Castro‐Calvo, J., & Montoya‐Castilla, I. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22900 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Health anxiety model of cyberchondria, fears, obsessions, sleep quality, and negative affect during COVID-19
Yalçın, İ., Boysan, M., Eşkısu, M., & Çam, Z. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02987-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Impact of computational approaches in the fight against COVID-19: an AI guided review of 17 000 studies
Napolitano, F., Xu, X., & Gao, X. (2021) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbab456 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales
Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232 · Cited by 1,169 · see citing works
Self-citation
COVID Stress Syndrome: Clinical and Nosological Considerations
Taylor, S. J. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01226-y · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citation
Worry, avoidance, and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive network analysis
Taylor, S. J., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Rachor, G. S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102327 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citation
The latent and item structure of COVID-19 fear: A comparison of four COVID-19 fear questionnaires using SEM and network analyses
Mertens, G., Duijndam, S., Smeets, T., & Lodder, P. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102415 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
COVID Stress Scales (CSS)
Rachor, G. S., Paluszek, M. M., Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89738-3_9-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
University of Regina (CA)
Baylor University (US)
Fordham University (US)
Corresponding author: Taylor, Steven
ORCID: Taylor, Steven
Landry, Caeleigh A.
Paluszek, Michelle M.
Fergus, Thomas A.
McKay, Dean
Asmundson, Gordon J. G.
Venue: Depression and Anxiety
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2020-07-05
Volume: 37
Issue: 8
Pages: 706-714
ISSN: 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
1520-6394
DOI: 10.1002/da.23071
PMC: PMC7362150
OpenAlex: W3039044508
Cited by: 673
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 143 · 2022: 175 · 2021: 192 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 55.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
Locations: Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (439751)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: fear of COVID-19, xenophobia, traumatic stress, compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, panic buying, mental health, latent class structure, network analysis
MeSH terms: COVID-19, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Canada, Fear, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Pneumonia, Viral, Stress, Psychological, United States, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

COVID stress syndrome: Concept, structure, and correlates

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks