COVID-19 and traumatic stress: The role of perceived vulnerability, COVID-19-related worries, and social isolation
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The purpose of the present study was to propose and test two models to understand the relationship between perceived vulnerability to COVID-19 (PVC) and COVID-19-related traumatic stress (TS), as well as the variables that may mediate and moderate this relationship among individuals who have not yet been infected with COVID-19. Using an online survey, data were collected between late March and early April 2020. Participants were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and included 747 adults living in the United States. Supporting our hypotheses, results indicated that both COVID-19-related worries and social isolation were significant mediators of the relationship between PVC and TS (Model 1). In addition, the results of a moderated mediation analysis indicated that the indirect effect of PVC on TS through COVID-19-related worries was stronger for participants who reported greater social isolation (Model 2). Although future research is needed, these findings suggest that both social isolation and disease-related worries may be important variables that can be targeted in interventions to reduce pandemic-related TS.
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Social isolation and self-quarantine are associated with psychological distress.
“Social isolation and self-quarantine have been associated with psychological distress (Boyraz et al., 2020; Brooks, 2020; Smith et al., 2020).”
From Behind the masks: A cross-sectional study on intolerance of uncertainty, perceived vulnerability to disease and psychological flexibility in relation to state anxiety and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Boyraz et al., 2020
The Introduction describes social isolation as a source of stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and the Discussion links greater social isolation to vulnerability to COVID-19-related traumatic stress. The Introduction also lists quarantine among containment measures that brought challenges and stressors, but it does not establish a distinct association between self-quarantine and psychological distress. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe relationship between perceived vulnerability to disease and traumatic stress is mediated by COVID-19 worries and social isolation.
“During the COVID-19 pandemic research has found associations between PVD and general anxiety (Makhanova & Shepherd, 2020) and a relationship between PVD and traumatic stress was mediated by COVID-19 worries and social isolation (Boyraz et al., 2020).”
From Behind the masks: A cross-sectional study on intolerance of uncertainty, perceived vulnerability to disease and psychological flexibility in relation to state anxiety and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Boyraz et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Boyraz, G., Legros, D. N., & Tigershtrom, A.
- Affiliations
- Pace University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Boyraz, Güler
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 76
- Pages
- 102307
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7831572
- OpenAlex
- W3084107433
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 11.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pace University Scholarly Research Grant
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, traumatic stress, perceived susceptibility, COVID-19-related worry, social isolation, pandemic stress, moderated mediation
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Trauma, COVID-19, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Isolation, Stress, Psychological, United States, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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