Bias in Mendelian randomization due to assortative mating

Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression

Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G., & Burgess, S. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv080 · Cited by 9,816 · see citing works

Consistent Estimation in Mendelian Randomization with Some Invalid Instruments Using a Weighted Median Estimator

Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G., Haycock, P. C., & Burgess, S. (2016) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21965 · Cited by 8,922 · see citing works

‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?*

Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070 · Cited by 5,882 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies

Davey Smith, G., & Hemani, G. (2014) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu328 · Cited by 4,677 · see citing works

Robust inference in summary data Mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption

Hartwig, F. P., Davey Smith, G., & Bowden, J. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx102 · Cited by 3,485 · see citing works

Cohort Profile: The ‘Children of the 90s’—the index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children

Boyd, A., Golding, J., Macleod, J., Lawlor, D. A., Fraser, A., Henderson, J., Molloy, L., Ness, A., Ring, S., & Davey Smith, G. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys064 · Cited by 2,996 · see citing works

Cohort Profile: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort

Fraser, A., Macdonald-Wallis, C., Tilling, K., Boyd, A., Golding, J., Davey Smith, G., Henderson, J., Macleod, J., Molloy, L., Ness, A., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys066 · Cited by 2,494 · see citing works

Sensitivity Analyses for Robust Causal Inference from Mendelian Randomization Analyses with Multiple Genetic Variants

Burgess, S., Bowden, J., Fall, T., Ingelsson, E., & Thompson, S. G. (2017) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000559 · Cited by 2,017 · see citing works

Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height

The Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Consortium, Wood, A. R., The MIGen Consortium, The PAGE Consortium, Study, T. L. C., Esko, T., Yang, J., Vedantam, S., Pers, T. H., Gustafsson, S., et al. (2014) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3097 · Cited by 1,853 · see citing works

New approaches to population stratification in genome-wide association studies

Price, A. L., Zaitlen, N., Reich, D., & Patterson, N. J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2813 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works

Collider scope: when selection bias can substantially influence observed associations

Munafò, M. R., Tilling, K., Taylor, A. E., Evans, D. M., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx206 · Cited by 813 · see citing works

Clustered environments and randomized genes: a fundamental distinction between conventional and genetic epidemiology

Smith, G. D., Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R., Timpson, N., Day, I., & Ebrahim, S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040352 · Cited by 569 · see citing works

Reevaluation of SNP heritability in complex human traits

Speed, D., Cai, N., Johnson, M. R., Nejentsev, S., & Balding, D. J. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3865 · Cited by 436 · see citing works

Assortative mating in animals

Jiang, Y., Bolnick, D. I., & Kirkpatrick, M. (2013) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/670160 · Cited by 427 · see citing works

The many faces of pleiotropy

Paaby, A. B., & Rockman, M. V. (2012) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.010 · Cited by 423 · see citing works

Height, body mass index, and socioeconomic status: mendelian randomisation study in UK Biobank

Tyrrell, J., Jones, S. E., Beaumont, R. N., Astley, C. M., Lovell, R., Yaghootkar, H., Tuke, M. A., Ruth, K. S., Freathy, R. M., Hirschhorn, J. N., et al. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i582 · Cited by 372 · see citing works

Genetic evidence of assortative mating in humans

Robinson, M. R., Kleinman, A., Graff, M., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Couper, D., Miller, M. B., Peyrot, W. J., Abdellaoui, A., Zietsch, B. P., Nolte, I. M., et al. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-016-0016 · Cited by 326 · see citing works

Classification of common human diseases derived from shared genetic and environmental determinants

Wang, K., Gaitsch, H., Poon, H., Cox, N. J., & Rzhetsky, A. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3931 · Cited by 242 · see citing works

Genetic and educational assortative mating among US adults

Domingue, B. W., Fletcher, J. M., Conley, D., & Boardman, J. D. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1321426111 · Cited by 190 · see citing works

Assessing the Causal Relationship of Maternal Height on Birth Size and Gestational Age at Birth: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis

Zhang, G., Bačelis, J., Lengyel, C., Teramo, K., Hallman, M., Helgeland, Ø., Johansson, S., Myhre, R., Sengpiel, V., Njølstad, P. R., et al. (2015) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001865 · Cited by 147 · see citing works

Use of genetic markers and gene-diet interactions for interrogating population-level causal influences of diet on health

Davey Smith, G. (2011) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s12263-010-0181-y · Cited by 134 · see citing works

Using Mendelian randomization to determine causal effects of maternal pregnancy (intrauterine) exposures on offspring outcomes: Sources of bias and methods for assessing them

Lawlor, D. A., Richmond, R. C., Warrington, N. M., McMahon, G., Smith, G. D., Bowden, J., & Evans, D. M. (2017) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10567.1 · Cited by 129 · see citing works

Evaluating the contribution of genetics and familial shared environment to common disease using the UK Biobank

Muñoz, M., Pong‐Wong, R., Canela‐Xandri, O., Rawlik, K., Haley, C., & Tenesa, A. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3618 · Cited by 108 · see citing works

Detecting and correcting for bias in Mendelian randomization analyses using Gene-by-Environment interactions.

Spiller, W., Slichter, D., Bowden, J., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy204 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

The Genetic Correlation between Height and IQ: Shared Genes or Assortative Mating?

Keller, M. C., Garver‐Apgar, C. E., Wright, M. J., Martin, N. G., Corley, R. P., Stallings, M. C., Hewitt, J. K., & Zietsch, B. P. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003451 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Using structural equation modelling to jointly estimate maternal and fetal effects on birthweight in the UK Biobank

Warrington, N. M., Freathy, R. M., Neale, M. C., & Evans, D. M. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy015 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Extending Causality Tests with Genetic Instruments: An Integration of Mendelian Randomization with the Classical Twin Design

Minică, C. C., Dolan, C. V., Boomsma, D. I., de Geus, E., & Neale, M. C. (2018) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-018-9904-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

The Effect of Survival Bias on Case-Control Genetic Association Studies of Highly Lethal Diseases

Anderson, C. D., Nalls, M. A., Biffi, A., Rost, N. S., Greenberg, S. M., Singleton, A., Meschia, J. F., & Rosand, J. M. (2011) · Circulation Cardiovascular Genetics · doi:10.1161/circgenetics.110.957928 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Genetic determination of height-mediated mate choice

Tenesa, A., Rawlik, K., Navarro, P., & Canela‐Xandri, O. (2015) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0833-8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

No evidence for genetic assortative mating beyond that due to population stratification

Abdellaoui, A., Verweij, K. J. H., & Zietsch, B. P. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1410781111 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Assortative Mating and Linkage Disequilibrium

Hedrick, P. W. (2017) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.116.034967 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

ASSORTATIVE MATING IN MAN: A COOPERATIVE STUDY

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Reply to Abdellaoui et al.: Interpreting GAM

Domingue, B. W., Fletcher, J. M., Conley, D., & Boardman, J. D. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1413105111 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Genetic studies of assortative mating—a simulation study. II. Assortative mating in unselected populations

Jorjani, H., Engström, G., Strandberg, E., & Liljedahl, L. (1997) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A – Animal Science · doi:10.1080/09064709709362373 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization

Sanderson, E., Glymour, M. M., Holmes, M. V., Kang, H., Morrison, J., Munafò, M. R., Palmer, T., Schooling, C. M., Wallace, C., Zhao, Q., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-021-00092-5 · Cited by 2,229 · see citing works

Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration.

Skrivankova, V. W., Richmond, R. C., Woolf, B. A. R., Davies, N. M., Swanson, S. A., VanderWeele, T. J., Timpson, N. J., Higgins, J. P. T., Dimou, N., Langenberg, C., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n2233 · Cited by 1,648 · see citing works

Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations

Burgess, S., Davey Smith, G., Davies, N. M., Dudbridge, F., Gill, D., Glymour, M. M., Hartwig, F. P., Holmes, M. V., Minelli, C., Relton, C. L., et al. (2020) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15555.2 · Cited by 1,273 · see citing works

Mendelian Randomization: Concepts and Scope

Richmond, R. C., & Davey Smith, G. (2022) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a040501 · Cited by 841 · see citing works

Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations: update for summer 2023

Burgess, S., Smith, G. D., Davies, N. M., Dudbridge, F., Gill, D., Glymour, M. M., Hartwig, F. P., Kutalik, Z., Holmes, M. V., Minelli, C., et al. (2023) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15555.3 · Cited by 737 · see citing works

Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses

Brumpton, B., Sanderson, E., Heilbron, K., Hartwig, F. P., Harrison, S., Vie, G. Å., Cho, Y., Howe, L. D., Hughes, A., Boomsma, D. I., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17117-4 · Cited by 402 · see citing works

Within family Mendelian randomization studies

Davies, N. M., Howe, L. J., Brumpton, B., Havdahl, A., Evans, D. M., & Davey Smith, G. (2019) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddz204 · Cited by 158 · see citing works

Genetic variation, brain, and intelligence differences

Deary, I. J., Cox, S. R., & Hill, W. D. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01027-y · Cited by 137 · see citing works

Cross-trait assortative mating is widespread and inflates genetic correlation estimates

Border, R., Athanasiadis, G. I., Buil, A., Schork, A. J., Cai, N., Young, A. I., Werge, T. M., Jonathan Flint, C., Kendler, K. S., Sankararaman, S., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abo2059 · Cited by 130 · see citing works

Multivariable two-sample Mendelian randomization estimates of the effects of intelligence and education on health

Davies, N. M., Hill, W. D., Anderson, E. L., Sanderson, E., Deary, I. J., & Davey Smith, G. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.43990 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Education and lung cancer: a Mendelian randomization study

Zhou, H., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Yang, Y., Fang, W., Hong, S., Chen, G., Zhao, S., Zhang, Z., Shen, J., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyz121 · Cited by 118 · see citing works

Evidence of correlations between human partners based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses of 22 traits and UK Biobank analysis of 133 traits

Horwitz, T. B., Balbona, J. V., Paulich, K. N., & Keller, M. C. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01672-z · Cited by 105 · see citing works

Assortative mating biases marker-based heritability estimators

Border, R., O’Rourke, S., de Candia, T. R., Goddard, M. E., Visscher, P. M., Yengo, L., Jones, M., & Keller, M. C. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28294-9 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Mediators of the association between educational attainment and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a two-step multivariable Mendelian randomisation study

Zhang, J., Chen, Z., Pärna, K., van Zon, S. K. R., Snieder, H., & Thio, C. H. L. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05705-6 · Cited by 86 · see citing works

Exploring and mitigating potential bias when genetic instrumental variables are associated with multiple non-exposure traits in Mendelian randomization

Yang, Q., Sanderson, E., Tilling, K., Borges, M. C., & Lawlor, D. A. (2019) · doi:10.1101/19009605 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Modeling assortative mating and genetic similarities between partners, siblings, and in-laws

Torvik, F. A., Eilertsen, E. M., Hannigan, L. J., Cheesman, R., Howe, L. J., Magnus, P. M., Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T., Andreassen, O. A., Njølstad, P. R., Havdahl, A., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28774-y · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Benchmarking Mendelian randomization methods for causal inference using genome-wide association study summary statistics

Hu, X., Cai, M., Xiao, J., Wan, X., Wang, Z., Zhao, H., & Yang, C. (2024) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.06.016 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Genetic evidence for assortative mating on alcohol consumption in the UK Biobank

Howe, L. J., Lawson, D. J., Davies, N. M., St. Pourcain, B., Lewis, S. J., Davey Smith, G., & Hemani, G. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12424-x · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Body mass index and inflammation in depression and treatment-resistant depression: a Mendelian randomisation study

Karageorgiou, V., Casanova, F., O’Loughlin, J., Green, H., McKinley, T. J., Bowden, J., & Tyrrell, J. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-03001-7 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

A Mendelian Randomization dictionary: Useful definitions and descriptions for undertaking, understanding and interpreting Mendelian Randomization studiesPreprint

Lawlor, D. A., Wade, K. H., Borges, M. C., Palmer, T., Hartwig, F. P., Hemani, G., & Bowden, J. (2019) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/6yzs7 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

The Effect of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Physical Health Outcomes: A 2-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

Leppert, B., Riglin, L., Wootton, R. E., Dardani, C., Thapar, A. K., Staley, J. R., Tilling, K. M., Smith, G. D., Thapar, A., & Stergiakouli, E. (2020) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa273 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Mendelian Randomization analysis of the causal effect of adiposity on hospital costs

Dixon, P., Hollingworth, W., Harrison, S., Davies, N. M., & Davey Smith, G. (2020) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102300 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Review of Mendelian Randomization Studies on Ovarian Cancer

Guo, J.-Z., Xiao, Q., Gao, S., Li, X., Wu, Q., & Gong, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.681396 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Indirect Genetic Effects: A Cross-disciplinary Perspective on Empirical Studies

Baud, A., McPeek, S. J., Chen, N. X., & Hughes, K. A. (2021) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jhered/esab059 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Integrating Family-Based and Mendelian Randomization DesignsPreprint

Hwang, L., Davies, N. M., Warrington, N. M., & Evans, D. M. (2020) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a039503 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Educational attainment, health outcomes and mortality: a within-sibship Mendelian randomization study

Howe, L. J., Rasheed, H., Jones, P. R., Boomsma, D. I., Evans, D. M., Giannelis, A., Hayward, C., Hopper, J. L., Hughes, A., Lahtinen, H., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyad079 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Mendelian randomisation and the goal of inferring causation from observational studies in the vision sciences

Plotnikov, D., & Guggenheim, J. A. (2019) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/opo.12596 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Use of Mendelian Randomization to Examine Causal Inference in Osteoporosis

Zheng, J., Frysz, M., Kemp, J. P., Evans, D. M., Smith, G. D., & Tobias, J. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00807 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Genetic overlap and causality between substance use disorder and attention‐deficit and hyperactivity disorder

Vilar‐Ribó, L., Sánchez‐Mora, C., Rovira, P., Vanesa Richarte, B., Montse Corrales, F., Fadeuilhe, C., Arribas, L., Casas, M., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Ribasés, M., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32827 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

The collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism: Genetics

Johnson, E. C., Salvatore, J. E., Lai, D., Merikangas, A. K., Nürnberger, J. I., Tischfield, J. A., Xuei, X., Kamarajan, C., Wetherill, L. F., Collaborators, C., et al. (2023) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12856 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

A Review of Mendelian Randomization: Assumptions, Methods, and Application to Obesity-Related Diseases

Lee, S., & Lee, W. (2025) · Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.7570/jomes24031 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

The genetics of circulating BDNF: towards understanding the role of BDNF in brain structure and function in middle and old ages

Li, S., Weinstein, G., Zare, H., Teumer, A., Völker, U., Friedrich, N., Knol, M. J., Satizábal, C. L., Petyuk, V., Adams, H. H. H., et al. (2020) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaa176 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Empirical comparisons of multiple Mendelian randomization approaches in the presence of assortative mating

Minică, C. C., Boomsma, D. I., Dolan, C. V., de Geus, E., & Neale, M. C. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa013 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

An evolutionary perspective on complex neuropsychiatric disease

McClellan, J., Zoghbi, A. W., Buxbaum, J. D., Cappi, C., Crowley, J. J., Jonathan Flint, C., Grice, D. E., Gülsüner, S., Iyegbe, C. O., Jain, S., et al. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.037 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Assortative Mating and Linkage Disequilibrium

Hedrick, P. W. (2017) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.116.034967 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

The impact of fatty acids biosynthesis on the risk of cardiovascular diseases in Europeans and East Asians: a Mendelian randomization study

Borges, M. C., Haycock, P., Zheng, J., Hemani, G., Howe, L. J., Schmidt, A. F., Staley, J. R., Lumbers, R. T., Henry, A., Lemaître, R. N., et al. (2022) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddac153 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Genetically Determined Serum Uric Acid and Alzheimer’s Disease Risk

Yuan, H., & Yang, W. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180538 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis of Associations Between Periodontal Disease and Risk of Cancer

Corlin, L., Ruan, M., Tsilidis, K. K., Bouras, E., Yu, Y., Stolzenberg‐Solomon, R. Z., Klein, A. P., Risch, H. A., Amos, C. I., Sakoda, L. C., et al. (2021) · JNCI Cancer Spectrum · doi:10.1093/jncics/pkab037 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Population phenomena inflate genetic associations of complex social traits

Morris, T. T., Davies, N. M., Hemani, G., & Smith, G. D. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay0328 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Associations between health behaviours, fertility and reproductive outcomes: triangulation of evidence in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)

Wootton, R., Lawn, R., Magnus, M., Treur, J., Corfield, E., Njølstad, P., Andreassen, O., Lawlor, D., Munafo, M., Håberg, S., et al. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-02831-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Polygenic Indices (aka Polygenic Scores) in Social Science: A Guide for Interpretation and Evaluation

BURT, C. H. (2024) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.1177/00811750241236482 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Assortative mating and within-spouse pair comparisons

Howe, L. J., Battram, T., Morris, T., Hartwig, F. P., Hemani, G., Davies, N. M., & Smith, G. D. (2021) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009883 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Why are education, socioeconomic position and intelligence genetically correlated?Preprint

Morris, T., Davies, N. M., Hemani, G., & Smith, G. D. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/630426 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Associations between psychiatric polygenic risk scores and general and specific psychopathology symptoms in childhood and adolescence between and within dizygotic twin pairs

Chen, C., Lu, Y., Lundström, S., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., & Pettersson, E. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13605 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Partner choice, confounding and trait convergence all contribute to phenotypic partner similarity

Sjaarda, J., & Kutalik, Z. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01500-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Estimating the causal effect of liability to disease on healthcare costs using Mendelian Randomization

Dixon, P., Harrison, S., Hollingworth, W., Davies, N. M., & Smith, G. D. (2022) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101154 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

The Relative Contributions of Socioeconomic and Genetic Factors to Variations in Body Mass Index Among Young Adults

Kim, R., Lippert, A. M., Wedow, R., Jimenez, M. P., & Subramanian, S. V. (2020) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa058 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Leveraging family data to design Mendelian randomization that is provably robust to population stratificationPreprint

LaPierre, N., Fu, B., Turnbull, S., Eskin, E., & Sankararaman, S. (2023) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.277664.123 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Genetic assortative mating for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Jefsen, O. H., Nudel, R., Wang, Y., Bybjerg‐Grauholm, J., Hemager, N., Christiani, C. J., Burton, B. K., Spang, K. S., Ellersgaard, D., Gantriis, D. L., et al. (2022) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2304 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study of Personality Traits Reveals a Positive Feedback Loop Between Neuroticism and Back Pain

Elgaeva, E. E., Williams, F. M. K., Zaytseva, O. O., Freidin, M. B., Aulchenko, Y. S., Suri, P., & Tsepilov, Y. A. (2023) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2023.05.012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Understanding indirect assortative mating and its intergenerational consequences for educational attainment

Sunde, H. F., Eilertsen, E. M., & Torvik, F. A. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60483-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization analysis of the causal impact of body mass index and waist-hip ratio on rates of hospital admission

Hazewinkel, A.-D., Richmond, R. C., Wade, K., & Dixon, P. (2021) · Economics and Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101088 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Colocalization of association signals at nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes between schizophrenia and smoking traits

Al‐Soufi, L., & Costas, J. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108517 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Potential bias in genetic correlations

Grotzinger, A. D., & Keller, M. C. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ade8002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

MRBEE: A novel bias-corrected multivariable Mendelian Randomization methodPreprint

Lorincz‐Comi, N. J., Yang, Y., Li, G., & Zhu, X. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523480 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

The causal effect of genetic variants linked to cognitive and non-cognitive skills on education and labor market outcomes

Buser, T., Ahlskog, R., Johannesson, M., Koellinger, P., & Oskarsson, S. (2024) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102544 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Comparison of intergenerational instrumental variable analyses of body mass index and mortality in UK Biobank

Barry, C.-J. S., Carslake, D., Wade, K. H., Sanderson, E. C. M., & Smith, G. D. (2022) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyac159 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Using Genes to Explore the Effects of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills on Education and Labor Market OutcomesPreprint

Buser, T., Ahlskog, R., Johanneson, M., Koellinger, P., & Oskarsson, S. (2021) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3938154 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Blood metabolites, neurocognition and psychiatric disorders: a Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate causal pathways

Guo, J., Yang, P., Wang, J., Tang, S.-H., Han, J.-Z., Yao, S., Yu, K., Liu, C., Dong, S., Zhang, K., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03095-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Bounding the average causal effect in Mendelian randomisation studies with multiple proposed instruments: An application to prenatal alcohol exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Diemer, E. W., Havdahl, A., Andreassen, O. A., Munafo, M. R., Njølstad, P. R., Tiemeier, H. W., Zuccolo, L., & Swanson, S. A. (2023) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12951 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

A General Approach to Adjusting Genetic Studies for Assortative MatingPreprint

Bilghese, M., Manansala, R., Jaishankar, D., Jala, J., Benjamin, D. J., Kimball, M., Auer, P. L., Livermore, M. A., & Turley, P. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555983 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization: estimation of inpatient hospital costs attributable to obesity

Dick, K. J., Schneider, J. E., Briggs, A. H., Lecomte, P., Régnier, S. A., & Lean, M. E. J. (2021) · Health Economics Review · doi:10.1186/s13561-021-00314-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

An exploration into the causal relationships between educational attainment, intelligence, and wellbeing: an observational and two-sample Mendelian randomisation study

Armitage, J. M., Wootton, R. E., Davis, O. S. P., & Haworth, C. M. A. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-024-00066-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Can Genetics Reveal the Causes and Consequences of Educational Attainment?

Munafo, M. R., Davies, N. M., & Smith, G. D. (2019) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/rssa.12543 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Assortative Mating Across the Full Spectrum of Mental Disorders: A Nationwide Finnish Register Study

Golovina, K., Gutvilig, M., Niemi, R., & Hakulinen, C. A. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100642 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The healthcare costs of increased body mass index–evidence from The Trøndelag Health Study

Edwards, C. H., Bjø‌rngaard, J. H., Kinge, J. M., Vie, G. Å., Halsteinli, V., Ødegård, R. A., Kulseng, B. E., & Bjørnelv, G. W. (2024) · Health Economics Review · doi:10.1186/s13561-024-00512-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Educational attainment, income, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A mediation analysis based on two-step Mendelian randomization

Xie, T., Zhu, B., Li, H.-R., Xu, J., & Mao, Y. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116680 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Leisure time television watching, computer use and risks of breast, colorectal and prostate cancer: A Mendelian randomisation analysis

Papadimitriou, N., Kazmi, N., Dimou, N. L., Tsilidis, K. K., Martin, R. M., Lewis, S. J., Lynch, B. M., Hoffmeister, M., Kweon, S., Li, L., et al. (2023) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.6732 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The causal effect of adiposity on hospital costs: Mendelian Randomization analysis of over 300,000 individuals from the UK BiobankPreprint

Dixon, P., Hollingworth, W., Harrison, S., Davies, N. M., & Smith, G. D. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/589820 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Evaluating causal associations of chronotype with pregnancy and perinatal outcomes and its interactions with insomnia and sleep duration: a mendelian randomization study

Yang, Q., Magnus, M. C., Kilpi, F., Santorelli, G., Soares, A. G., West, J., Magnus, P. M., Håberg, S. E., Tilling, K. M., Lawlor, D. A., et al. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-07023-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Investigating the Causal Role of Neurotrophic Factors in Low Back Pain and Sciatica: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Lin, F.-X., & He, W. (2025) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0109298673358689250711005445 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Impact of co-occurrent assortative mating and vertical cultural transmission on measures of genetic associations

Herzig, A. F., Noûs, C., Pierre, A. S., & Perdry, H. (2026) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2026.06.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

ADHD genetic liability and physical health outcomes - A two-sample Mendelian randomization studyPreprint

Leppert, B., Riglin, L., Dardani, C., Thapar, A., Staley, J. R., Tilling, K., Smith, G., Thapar, A., & Stergiakouli, E. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/630467 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Consequences of assortative mating for genetic similarities between partners, siblings, and in-lawsPreprint

Torvik, F. A., Eilertsen, E. M., Hannigan, L. J., Cheesman, R., Howe, L. J., Magnus, P. M., Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T., Andreassen, O. A., Njølstad, P. R., Havdahl, A., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7yw4j · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Bounding the average causal effect in Mendelian randomization studies with multiple proposed instruments: An application to prenatal alcohol exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorderPreprint

Diemer, E. W., Havdahl, A., Andreassen, O. A., Munafo, M. R., Njølstad, P. R., Tiemeier, H. W., Zuccolo, L., & Swanson, S. A. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.22274902 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Educational attainment and mental health conditions: a within-sibship Mendelian randomization studyPreprint

Veloz, M. F. V., Bhatta, L., Jones, P. R., Tesli, M., Smith, G. D., Davies, N. M., Brumpton, B. M., & Næss, Ø. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.08.10.24311789 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Utilising novel Mendelian randomization approaches to investigate a potential causal effect of fetal growth on maternal cardiometabolic risk in the UK BiobankPreprint

Hatton, A. A., Nunes, C. B., Flatley, C. J., Lawlor, D. A., & Evans, D. M. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.25331747 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Genetic Insights Into Perinatal Outcomes of Maternal Antihypertensive Therapy During Pregnancy

Barry, C.-J. S., Walker, V. M., Burden, C., Havdahl, A., & Davies, N. M. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.26234 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Education and cardiovascular disease: a within-family Mendelian randomization analysis

Jones, P. R., Bhatta, L., Howe, L. J., Veloz, M. F. V., Davies, N. M., Smith, G. D., Næss, Ø., & Brumpton, B. M. (2025) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaf144 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Causal inference and GWAS: Rubin, Pearl, and Mendelian randomization

Cantet, R. J. C., & Jensen, J. (2024) · Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics · doi:10.1111/jbg.12898 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Conditioning on parental mating types can reduce necessary assumptions for Mendelian randomization

Ejima, K., Liu, N., Mestre, L. M., Campos, G. D. L., & Allison, D. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.1014014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Economic status mediates the relationship between educational attainment and posttraumatic stress disorder: a multivariable Mendelian randomization studyPreprint

Polimanti, R. A., Ratanatharathorn, A. D., Maihofer, A. X., Choi, K. W., Stein, M. B., Morey, R. A., Logue, M. W., Nievergelt, C. M., Stein, D. J., Koenen, K. C., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/503300 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Body mass index, earnings and partnership: genetic instrumental variable analysis in two nationally representative UK samplesPreprint

Hughes, A., Bao, Y., Smart, M., & Meena Kumari, B. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/608588 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Effectiveness and safety of drugs in pregnancy: evidence from drug target Mendelian randomizationPreprint

Barry, C.-J. S., Walker, V. M., Burden, C., Havdahl, A., & Davies, N. M. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.23298144 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Exploring the Genetic Links Between Asthma, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, and Osteoarthritis Through Mendelian RandomizationPreprint

Du, K., Zhang, C., Li, A., Hu, J.-Z., Guo, R., & Li, S. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4490414/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

On the use of genetic information in causal inference for human complex diseases: a collection of studies on cancers

Ong, J. (2019) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2019.880

Combining twin-family designs with measured genetic variants to study the causes of epigenetic variation

Minică, C. C., Neale, M. C., Boomsma, D. I., & van Dongen, J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820951-6.00007-7

Health behaviours prior to pregnancy and fertility outcomes: Triangulation of evidence in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)Preprint

Wootton, R. E., Lawn, R., Magnus, M., Treur, J., Corfield, E., Njølstad, P., Andreassen, O., Lawlor, D., Munafò, M., Håberg, S., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.22272772 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Education and cardiovascular disease: a within-family Mendelian randomisation analysisPreprint

Jones, P. R., Bhatta, L., Howe, L. J., Veloz, M. F. V., Davies, N. M., Smith, G. D., Næss, Ø. E., & Brumpton, B. M. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.25330770

A comparison of partner resemblance trends across putative same-sex and opposite-sex couples in the UK biobank

Horwitz, T. B., Kelly, K. M., & Keller, M. C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-12966-9

Educational attainment and mental health outcomes: A within-sibship Mendelian randomization study

Veloz, M. F. V., Bhatta, L., Jones, P. R., Tesli, M., Smith, G. D., Davies, N. M., Brumpton, B. M., & Næss, Ø. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725101736 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The use of Mendelian randomization to explore the causal consequences of childhood maltreatment: consideration of assumptions and challengesPreprint

Sum, K. K., Hughes, A., Havdahl, A., Smith, G. D., & Howe, L. D. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.25338214

Additional file 1 of The healthcare costs of increased body mass index–evidence from The Trøndelag Health Study

Hansen Edwards, C., Håkon Bjørngaard, J., Minet Kinge, J., Åberge Vie, G., Halsteinli, V., Ødegård, R. A., Kulseng, B. E., & Waaler Bjørnelv, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25953301

Additional file 1 of Body mass index and inflammation in depression and treatment-resistant depression: a Mendelian randomisation study

Karageorgiou, V., Casanova, F., O’Loughlin, J., Green, H., McKinley, T. J., Bowden, J., & Tyrrell, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26617486

Additional file 1 of Associations between health behaviours, fertility and reproductive outcomes: triangulation of evidence in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)

Wootton, R. E., Lawn, R. B., Magnus, M. C., Treur, J. L., Corfield, E. C., Njølstad, P. R., Andreassen, O. A., Lawlor, D. A., Munafo, M. R., Håberg, S. E., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22623325

Additional file 2 of The healthcare costs of increased body mass index–evidence from The Trøndelag Health Study

Hansen Edwards, C., Håkon Bjørngaard, J., Minet Kinge, J., Åberge Vie, G., Halsteinli, V., Ødegård, R. A., Kulseng, B. E., & Waaler Bjørnelv, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25953358

MRMU: A New Paradigm for Mendelian Randomization by Accounting for Measured Covariates and Unmeasured ConfoundersPreprint

Hu, X., Xiao, J., Wang, Z., Huang, X., Zhao, H., & Yang, C. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.06.15.26355649

Risk of bias assessment for Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide

Jabeen, T., O'Neil, A. E., Ashtree, D. N., Wootton, R. E., & Zuccolo, L. (2026) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-026-01428-9

Changing Patterns of Assortative Mating for Educational, Substance Use, and Anthropometric Traits

Saunders, G. (2026) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-026-10285-x

Empirical comparisons of multiple Mendelian randomization approaches in the presence of assortative mating

Minică, C. C., Boomsma, D. I., Dolan, C. V., de Geus, E., & Neale, M. C. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa013 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Conditioning on parental mating types can reduce necessary assumptions for Mendelian randomization

Ejima, K., Liu, N., Mestre, L. M., Campos, G. D. L., & Allison, D. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.1014014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Within family Mendelian randomization studies

Davies, N. M., Howe, L. J., Brumpton, B., Havdahl, A., Evans, D. M., & Davey Smith, G. (2019) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddz204 · Cited by 158 · see citing works

Almost exact Mendelian randomizationPreprint

Tudball, M., Smith, G. D., & Zhao, Q. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2208.14035 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Integrating Family-Based and Mendelian Randomization DesignsPreprint

Hwang, L., Davies, N. M., Warrington, N. M., & Evans, D. M. (2020) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a039503 · Cited by 40 · see citing works