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Cited by 455Cultural Differences and ValuesGlobal and Cross-Cultural ManagementCulture, Economy, and Development Studies

Are Scores on H ofstede's Dimensions of National Culture Stable over Time? A Cohort Analysis

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Beugelsdijk, Sjoerd, Maseland, Robbert, van Hoorn, André·2015·Global Strategy Journal
DOI 10.1002/gsj.1098
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Abstract

H ofstede's framework, which is based on survey data collected in the late 1960s and early 1970s, dominates quantitative culture research in international strategic management. However, as countries develop economically, modernization theory predicts shifts in cultural values, which likely affect countries' scores on H ofstede's work‐related values dimensions, in turn raising doubt about the continued relevance of this framework for global strategy researchers and practitioners. We examine how country scores on H ofstede's dimensions have developed over time by replicating H ofstede's dimensions for two birth cohorts using data from the World Values Survey. Results indicate that, on average, contemporary societies score higher on Individualism and Indulgence versus Restraint, and they score lower on Power Distance than do past societies. We find that cultural change is absolute rather than relative, meaning that countries' scores on the H ofstede dimensions relative to the scores of other countries have not changed very much. As a consequence, cultural differences between country pairs (i.e., cultural distances) are generally stable. We discuss the implications of our findings for global strategy research.

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  • Regardless of increasing globalization, cultural values remain consistent over time.

    “Moreover, it has been established that regardless of increasing globalization cultural values remain consistent over time (Beugelsdijk et al., 2015).”

    From Mobile shopping apps adoption and perceived risks: A cross-country perspective utilizing the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (2018) · cites this paper as Beugelsdijk et al., 2015

    The Conclusion reports average changes in cultural values over time, including increased Individualism and decreased Power Distance. It finds stability in countries’ relative positions and cultural distances, not in the values themselves, so the citing sentence conflates relative stability with unchanged values. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Barkema H, Bell J, Pennings J. 1996. Foreign entry, cultural barriers, and learning. Strategic Management Journal 17(2): 151-166.
  2. Hofstede G. 2001. Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations (2nd edn). SAGE Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA.
  3. Hutzschenreuter T, Voll J. 2008. Performance effects of 'added cultural distance' in the path of international expansion. Journal of International Business Studies 39: 53-70.
  4. Leung K, Bhagat R, Buchan NR, Erez M, Gibson CB. 2005. Culture and international business: recent advances and future directions. Journal of International Business Studies 36: 357-378.

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Authors
Beugelsdijk, S., Maseland, R., & van Hoorn, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Groningen (NL)
  • Faculty of Economics and Business University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
Corresponding author
Beugelsdijk, Sjoerd
ORCID
Venue
Global Strategy Journal
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2015-07-16
Volume
5
Issue
3
Pages
223-240
ISSN
  • 2042-5791 (ISSN-L)
  • 2042-5805
DOI
10.1002/gsj.1098
OpenAlex
W2122757174
Cited by
455
References
100
Citations by year
2026: 36 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 2
FWCI
47.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Global Strategy Journal (publishedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
NWO (452-11-010)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Global and Cross-Cultural Management
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Culture, Economy, and Development Studies
Keywords
Hofstede cultural dimensions, cultural change, modernization theory, individualism, power distance, indulgence versus restraint, cultural distance, World Values Survey, cohort comparison, global strategy

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