Fiber tract‐specific white matter lesion severity Findings in late‐life depression and by AGTR1 A1166C genotype
Open accessAbstract
Past work demonstrated that late‐life depression is associated with greater severity of ischemic cerebral hyperintense white matter lesions, particularly frontal lesions. However, these lesions are also associated with other neuropsychiatric deficits, so these clinical relationships may depend on which fiber tracts are damaged. We examined the ratio of lesion to nonlesioned white matter tissue within multiple fiber tracts between depressed and nondepressed elders. We also sought to determine if the AGTR1 A1166C and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms contributed to vulnerability to lesion development in discrete tracts. The 3T structural MR images and blood samples for genetic analyses were acquired on 54 depressed and 37 nondepressed elders. Lesion maps were created through an automated tissue segmentation process and applied to a probabilistic white matter fiber tract atlas allowing for identification of the fraction of the tract occupied by lesion. The depressed cohort exhibited a significantly greater lesion ratio only in the left upper cingulum near the cingulate gyrus (F(1,86) = 4.62, P = 0.0344), supporting past work implicating cingulate dysfunction in the pathogenesis of depression. In the 62 Caucasian subjects with genetic data, AGTR1 C1166 carriers exhibited greater lesion ratios across multiple tracts including the anterior thalamic radiation and inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus. In contrast, BDNF Met allele carriers exhibited greater lesion ratios only in the frontal corpus callosum. Although these findings did not survive correction for multiple comparisons, this study supports our hypothesis and provides preliminary evidence that genetic differences related to vascular disease may increase lesion vulnerability differentially across fiber tracts. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Depression has been associated with greater WMH severity in white matter tracts of the cingulum, uncinate fasciculus, and superior longitudinal fasciculus, as well as the frontal and temporal lobes.
“Depression has been associated with greater WMH severity in white matter tracts of the cingulum, uncinate fasciculus, and superior longitudinal fasciculus59,60, as well as the frontal25 and temporal lobes61.”
From Mechanisms and treatment of late-life depression (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Nonrigid registration using free-form deformations: application to breast mr images
Rueckert, D., Sonoda, L. I., Hayes, C., Hill, D. L. G., Leach, M. O., & Hawkes, D. J. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.796284 · Cited by 5,265 · see citing works
Robins, L. N. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001 · Cited by 5,219 · see citing works
Multimodality image registration by maximization of mutual information
Maes, F., Collignon, A., Vandermeulen, D., Marchal, G., & Suetens, P. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.563664 · Cited by 4,547 · see citing works
Alexopoulos, G. S. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66665-2 · Cited by 2,024 · see citing works
Reproducibility of quantitative tractography methods applied to cerebral white matter
Wakana, S., Caprihan, A., Panzenboeck, M. M., Fallon, J. H., Perry, M., Gollub, R. L., Hua, K., Zhang, J., Jiang, H., Dubey, P., et al. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.049 · Cited by 1,686 · see citing works
Longstreth, W. T., Manolio, T. A., Arnold, A., Burke, G. L., Bryan, N., Jungreis, C. A., Enright, P. L., O'Leary, D., & Fried, L. (1996) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.27.8.1274 · Cited by 1,464 · see citing works
The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program
Regier, D. A. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790210016003 · Cited by 1,259 · see citing works
Automated model-based tissue classification of MR images of the brain
Van Leemput, K., Maes, F., Vandermeulen, D., & Suetens, P. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.811270 · Cited by 1,024 · see citing works
Frontocingulate Dysfunction in Depression: Toward Biomarkers of Treatment Response
Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.166 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Multi-modality image registration by maximization of mutual information
Maes, F., Collignon, A. M. F., Vandermeulen, D., Marchal, G., & Suetens, P. (1996) · IEEE Workshop on Mathematical Methods in Biomedical Image Analysis (MMBIA) · doi:10.1109/mmbia.1996.534053 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Awad, I. A., Rf, S., Hodak, J. A., Awad, C. A., & Carey, R. (1986) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.17.6.1084 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Automated segmentation of multiple sclerosis lesions by model outlier detection
Leemput, K. V., Maes, F., Vandermeulen, D., Colchester, A. C. F., & Suetens, P. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.938237 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Longitudinal study of blood pressure and white matter hyperintensities: The EVA MRI Cohort
Dufouil, C., de Kersaint–Gilly, A., Besançon, V., Levy, C., Auffray, E., Brunnereau, L., Alpérovitch, A., & Tzourio, C. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.7.921 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
White matter hyperintensities in late life depression: a systematic review
Herrmann, L. L., Le Masurier, M., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2007) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.124651 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Periventricular cerebral white matter lesions predict rate of cognitive decline
de Groot, J. C., de Leeuw, F., Oudkerk, M., van Gijn, J., Albert Hofman, D., JOLLES, J., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10294 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Ischemic Basis for Deep White Matter Hyperintensities in Major Depression
Thomas, A. J., O'Brien, J. T., Davis, S., Ballard, C. G., Barber, R., Kalaria, R. N., & Perry, R. H. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.785 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Evidence for genetic variance in white matter hyperintensity volume in normal elderly male twins
Carmelli, D., DeCarli, C., Swan, G. E., Jack, L. M., Reed, T., Wolf, P. A., & Miller, B. L. (1998) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.29.6.1177 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Bae, J. N., MacFall, J. R., Krishnan, K. R. R., Payne, M. E., Steffens, D. C., & Taylor, W. D. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.052 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Self-citationA unifying framework for partial volume segmentation of brain MR images
Leemput, K. V., Maes, F., Vandermeulen, D., & Suetens, P. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2002.806587 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Executive dysfunction in subcortical ischaemic vascular disease
Kramer, J. H. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.72.2.217 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Longitudinal MRI and cognitive change in healthy elderly.
Kramer, J. H., Mungas, D., Reed, B., Wetzel, M. E., Burnett, M. M., Miller, B. L., Weiner, M. W., & Chui, H. C. (2007) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.4.412 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Nomura, T., Honmou, O., HARADA, K., Houkin, K., Hamada, H., & Kocsis, J. D. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.062 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Genetic variation in white matter hyperintensity volume in the Framingham Study
Atwood, L. D., Wolf, P. A., Heard-Costa, N. L., Massaro, J. M., Beiser, A., D’Agostino, R. B., & DeCarli, C. (2004) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000129643.77045.10 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
White Matter Hyperintensity Progression and Late-Life Depression Outcomes
Taylor, W. D., Steffens, D. C., MacFall, J. R., McQuoid, D. R., Payne, M. E., Provenzale, J. M., & Krishnan, K. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.11.1090 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationCerebral White Matter Lesions, Gait, and the Risk of Incident Falls
Srikanth, V. K., Beare, R. J., Blizzard, L., Phan, T. G., Stapleton, J., Chen, J., Callisaya, M. L., Martin, K. L., & Reutens, D. C. (2008) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.108.524355 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Taylor, W. D., MacFall, J. R., Payne, M. E., McQuoid, D. R., Provenzale, J. M., Steffens, D. C., & Krishnan, K. R. R. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.7.1293 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationSheline, Y. I., Price, J. L., Vaishnavi, S. N., Mintun, M. A., Barch, D. M., Epstein, A. A., Wilkins, C. H., Snyder, A. Z., Couture, L., Schechtman, K., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010175 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Narushima, K., Kosier, J. T., & Robinson, R. G. (2003) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.15.4.422 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Kumar, A. (2000) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(99)00124-4 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
O'Brien, J. T., Firbank, M., Krishnan, M. S., van Straaten, E. C. W., van der Flier, W. M., Petrovic, K., Pantoni, L., Simoni, M., Erkinjuntti, T., Wallin, A., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000214558.63358.94 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated With Silent Ischemic Brain Lesions
Bokura, H., Yamaguchi, S., Iijima, K., et al. (2008) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.107.508630 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Blahak, C., Bäezner, H., Pantoni, L., Poggesi, A., Chabriat, H., Erkinjuntti, T., Fazekas, F., Ferro, J. M., Langhorne, P., O'Brien, J. T., et al. (2009) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.154633 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Pathologies and Pathological Mechanisms for White Matter Hyperintensities in Depression
Thomas, A. J., Perry, R., Barber, R., Kalaria, R. N., & O'Brien, J. T. (2002) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04835.x · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Taylor, W. D., MacFall, J. R., Provenzale, J. M., Payne, M. E., McQuoid, D. R., Steffens, D. C., & Krishnan, K. (2003) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.181.2.1810571 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison and Evaluation of Rigid, Affine, and Nonrigid Registration of Breast MR Images
Denton, E., Sonoda, L. I., Rueckert, D., Rankin, S., Hayes, C., Leach, M. O., Hill, D., & Hawkes, D. J. (1999) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-199909000-00031 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Heritability of leukoaraiosis in hypertensive sibships
Turner, S. T., Jack, C. R., Fornage, M., Mosley, T. H., Boerwinkle, E., & de Andrade, M. (2004) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000112303.26158.92 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Greater MRI lesion volumes in elderly depressed subjects than in control subjects
Taylor, W. D., MacFall, J. R., Payne, M. E., McQuoid, D. R., Steffens, D. C., Provenzale, J. M., & Krishnan, R. R. (2005) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.08.004 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationReduction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex gray matter in late-life depression
Chang, C., Yu, S.-C., McQuoid, D. R., Messer, D. F., Taylor, W. D., Singh, K., Boyd, B. D., Krishnan, K. R., MacFall, J. R., Steffens, D. C., et al. (2011) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.01.003 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationLocalization of age-associated white matter hyperintensities in late-life depression
Taylor, W. D., MacFall, J. R., Steffens, D. C., Payne, M. E., Provenzale, J. M., & Krishnan, K. R. R. (2003) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(02)00358-5 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, W. D., Zuchner, S. L., McQuoid, D. R., Steffens, D. C., Speer, M. C., & Krishnan, K. (2007) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e318050c9d5 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic Determinants of White Matter Hyperintensities on Brain Scans
Paternoster, L., Chen, W., & Sudlow, C. L. M. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.108.542050 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Taylor, W. D., MacFall, J. R., Gerig, G., & Krishnan, R. R. (2007) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.a941 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Duke Somatic Treatment Algorithm for Geriatric Depression (STAGED) Approach
Steffens, D. C., McQuoid, D. R., MHS, McQuoid, D. R., Bartolomé Iglesias, S., Krishnan, A. K. R. R., & Rush, A. J. (2025) · Psychopharmacology Bulletin · doi:10.64719/pb.4224 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationA Volumetric Study of MRI Signal Hyperintensities in Late-Life Depression
Firbank, M., Lloyd, A. J., Ferrier, N., & OʼBrien, J. T. (2004) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajgp.12.6.606 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
MRI-Defined Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Disease: Baseline Clinical and Neuropsychological Findings
Jokinen, H., Kalska, H., Ylikoski, R., Madureira, S., Verdelho, A., Gouw, A. A., Scheltens, P., Barkhof, F., de Visser, M. C. H., Fazekas, F., et al. (2009) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000202010 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Gunning‐Dixon, F. M., Hoptman, M. J., Lim, K. O., Murphy, C. F., Klimstra, S., Latoussakis, V., Majcher-Tascio, M., Hrabě, J., Ardekani, B. A., & Alexopoulos, G. S. (2008) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181602a66 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Widespread Effects of Hyperintense Lesions on Cerebral White Matter Structure
Taylor, W. D., Bae, J. N., MacFall, J. R., Payne, M. E., Provenzale, J. M., Steffens, D. C., & Krishnan, K. (2007) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.06.1163 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationYanamoto, H., Xue, J.-H., Miyamoto, S., Nagata, I., Nakano, Y., Murao, K., & Kikuchi, H. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.105 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Hindorff, L. A. (2002) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(02)03063-7 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gene polymorphisms of the renin???angiotensin???aldosterone system and the risk of ischemic stroke
Rubattu, S., Angelantonio, E. D., Stanzione, R., et al. (2004) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200411000-00015 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptors and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Women With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Deinum, J., van Gool, J. M. G., Kofflard, M. J. M., et al. (2001) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hy1101.096114 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Taylor, W. D., Zuchner, S. L., McQuoid, D. R., Payne, M. E., MacFall, J. R., Steffens, D. C., Speer, M. C., & Krishnan, K. R. (2008) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181591c30 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationDmitrieva, V. G., Povarova, O. V., Skvortsova, V. I., Limborska, S. A., Myasoedov, N. F., & Dergunova, L. V. (2010) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-009-9432-0 · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…have also hypothesized that BDNF may be important in the tissue response to transient ischemia [Taylor et al., 2008], as increased BDNF expression may facilitate neuroprotection and be associated with improved functional outcomes [Dmitrieva et al., 2010; Nomura et al., 2005; Yanamoto et al., 2004].”
BackgroundMacFall, J. R., Taylor, W. D., Rex, D., Pieper, S., Payne, M. E., McQuoid, D. R., Steffens, D. C., Kikinis, R., Toga, A. W., & Krishnan, K. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300986 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationAngiotensin receptor gene polymorphisms and 2-year change in hyperintense lesion volume in men
Taylor, W. D., Steffens, D. C., Ashley‐Koch, A. E., Payne, M. E., MacFall, J. R., Potocky, C. F., & Krishnan, K. R. (2009) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2009.26 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationMiyaki, K., Hara, A., Araki, J., Zhang, L., Song, Y., Kimura, T., Omae, K., & Muramatsu, M. (2006) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1002007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Schnabel JA Rueckert D Quist M Blackall JM Castellano-Smith AD Hartkens T Gerritsen FA Hill DLG Hawkes DJ 2001 A Generic Framework for Non-rigid Registration Based on Non-uniform Multi-level Free-Form Deformations Lecture Notes in Computer Science Heidelberg Germany Springer Berlin 573 581
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The vascular depression hypothesis: mechanisms linking vascular disease with depression
Taylor, W. D., Aizenstein, H. J., & Alexopoulos, G. S. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.20 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms and treatment of late-life depression
Alexopoulos, G. S. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0514-6 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Treatment Course With Antidepressant Therapy in Late-Life Depression
Sheline, Y. I., Disabato, B. M., Hranilovich, J., Morris, C., D’Angelo, G., Pieper, C., Toffanin, T., Taylor, W. D., MacFall, J. R., Wilkins, C., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010122 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationPeripheral Inflammatory Parameters in Late-Life Depression: A Systematic Review
Martínez-Cengotitabengoa, M., Carrascón, L., O’Brien, J., Díaz-Gutiérrez, M.-J., Bermúdez-Ampudia, C., Sanada, K., Arrasate, M., & González-Pinto, A. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17122022 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic studies of late-life depression
Tsang, R. S. M., Mather, K. A., Sachdev, P. S., & Reppermund, S. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.028 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mechanisms and treatment of late-life depression
Alexopoulos, G. S. (2021) · Focus · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.19304 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Taylor, W. D., Zhao, Z., Ashley‐Koch, A., Payne, M. E., Steffens, D. C., Krishnan, R. R., Hauser, E., & MacFall, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-10-22
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 295-303
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC3772522
- OpenAlex
- W2170883336
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG028716)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K24MH070027, R01MH078216, R01MH054846, P50MH060451)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Cerebrovascular and genetic disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- geriatric depression, white matter lesions, AGTR1 A1166C polymorphism, BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, cingulum, cingulate cortex, anterior thalamic radiation, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, corpus callosum, vascular disease, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Antidepressive Agents, Brain Mapping, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Genotype, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Neural Pathways, Polymorphism, Genetic, Cohort Studies, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1, Diffusion Tensor Imaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
