Insulin resistance: review of the underlying molecular mechanisms
Abstract
Most human cells utilize glucose as the primary substrate, cellular uptake requiring insulin. Insulin signaling is therefore critical for these tissues. However, decrease in insulin sensitivity due to the disruption of various molecular pathways causes insulin resistance (IR). IR underpins many metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, impairments in insulin signaling disrupting entry of glucose into the adipocytes, and skeletal muscle cells. Although the exact underlying cause of IR has not been fully elucidated, a number of major mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin receptor mutations, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction have been suggested. In this review, we consider the role these cellular mechanisms play in the development of IR.
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IR is significantly associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortalities and is an important factor in regulating metabolic syndrome and diabetes.
“IR is significantly associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortalities and is an important factor in regulating metabolic syndrome and diabetes (37, 38).”
From The waist-to-height ratio is a good predictor for insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
GSK3β is one of the few protein kinases of which the activity can be inhibited by phosphorylation.
“GSK3β is one of the few protein kinases of which the activity can be inhibited by phosphorylation (94).”
From Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments (2020) · cites this paper as [94]
Mitochondrial damage, increased oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress are involved in the development of insulin resistance.
“Moreover, mitochondrial damage, increased oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress are also involved in the development of IR [50].”
From The Role of Glp-1 Receptor Agonists in Insulin Resistance with Concomitant Obesity Treatment in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2022) · cites this paper as [50]
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Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy
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Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments
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Self-citationInsulin Resistance and Serum Magnesium Concentrations among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
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- Authors
- Yaribeygi, H., Farrokhi, F. R., Butler, A. E., & Sahebkar, A.
- Affiliations
- Shahid Beheshti University (IR)
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute Doha Qatar
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Sahebkar, Amirhossein
- Venue
- Journal of Cellular Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-10-14
- Volume
- 234
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 8152-8161
- ISSN
- 0021-9541 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4652
- OpenAlex
- W2897277000
- Cited by
- 929
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 119 · 2024: 187 · 2023: 164 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 5.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cellular Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- insulin resistance, insulin signaling, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin receptor mutations, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, glucose uptake, adipocytes, skeletal muscle
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glucose, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Mitochondria, Signal Transduction, Oxidative Stress, Muscle, Skeletal, Metabolic Syndrome, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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