The Fetal 3‐Vessel Views: An Illustrative Case‐Based Tutorial

Diagnosis and Treatment of Fetal Cardiac Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Donofrio, M. T., Moon-Grady, A. J., Hornberger, L. K., Copel, J. A., Sklansky, M. S., Abuhamad, A., Cuneo, B. F., Huhta, J. C., Jonas, R. A., Krishnan, A., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437597.44550.5d · Cited by 1,275 · see citing works

<scp>ISUOG</scp> Practice Guidelines (updated): sonographic screening examination of the fetal heart

Carvalho, J., Allan, L., Chaoui, R., Copel, J., DeVore, G., Hecher, K., Lee, W., Munoz, H., Paladini, D., Tutschek, B., et al. (2013) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.12403 · Cited by 681 · see citing works

The anatomy of common aorticopulmonary trunk (truncus arteriosus communis) and its embryologic implications

Praagh, R. V., & Praagh, S. V. (1965) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(65)90732-0 · Cited by 587 · see citing works

American institute of ultrasound in medicine

Gordon, D. (1970) · Ultrasonics · doi:10.1016/0041-624x(70)90813-9 · Cited by 451 · see citing works

AIUM Practice Guideline for the Performance of Obstetric Ultrasound Examinations

(2013) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.7863/ultra.32.6.1083 · Cited by 338 · see citing works

Fetal echocardiographic screening for congenital heart disease: The importance of the four-chamber view

Copel, J. A., Pilu, G., Green, J. L., Hobbins, J. C., & Kleinman, C. S. (1987) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(87)80022-4 · Cited by 286 · see citing works

Variation in Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease in Infants

Quartermain, M. D., Pasquali, S. K., Hill, K. D., Goldberg, D., Huhta, J. C., Jacobs, J. P., Jacobs, M. L., Kim, S., & Ungerleider, R. M. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3783 · Cited by 270 · see citing works

The three vessels and trachea view (3VT) in fetal cardiac scanning

Yagel, S., Arbel, R., Anteby, E. Y., Raveh, D., & Achiron, R. (2002) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology · doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00801.x · Cited by 261 · see citing works

Three‐vessel view of the fetal upper mediastinum: an easy means of detecting abnormalities of the ventricular outflow tracts and great arteries during obstetric screening

Yoo, S., Lee, Y., Kim, E. S., Ryu, H. M., Kim, M. Y., Choi, H., Cho, K. S., & Kim, A. (1997) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1997.09030173.x · Cited by 260 · see citing works

AIUM–ACR–ACOG–SMFM–SRU Practice Parameter for the Performance of Standard Diagnostic Obstetric Ultrasound Examinations

(2018) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.1002/jum.14831 · Cited by 216 · see citing works

AIUM Practice Guideline for the Performance of Obstetric Ultrasound Examinations

(2013) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.7863/jum.2013.32.6.1083 · Cited by 206 · see citing works

Aberrant right subclavian artery as a new cardiac sign in second- and third-trimester fetuses with Down syndrome

Chaoui, R., Heling, K., Sarioglu, N. M. E., Schwabe, M., Dankof, A., & Bollmann, R. (2005) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.06.080 · Cited by 155 · see citing works

“Agenesis” of ductus arteriosus associated with the syndrome of tetralogy of fallot and absent pulmonary valve

Emmanouilides, G. C., Thanopoulos, B. D., Siassi, B., & Fishbein, M. C. (1976) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(76)90290-3 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

Fetal sonographic diagnosis of aortic arch anomalies

Yoo, S., Min, J. ‐., Lee, Y., Roman, K. S., JAEGGI, E. T., & Smallhorn, J. F. (2003) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.897 · Cited by 142 · see citing works

Isolated ductus arteriosus aneurysm in the fetus and infant: a multi-institutional experience

Dyamenahalli, U., Smallhorn, J. F., Geva, T., Fouron, J., Cairns, P., Jutras, L. F., Hughes, V., Rabinovitch, M., Mason, C. A. E., & Hornberger, L. K. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00707-5 · Cited by 139 · see citing works

AIUM Practice Guideline for the Performance of an Antepartum Obstetric Ultrasound Examination

(2003) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.7863/jum.2003.22.10.1116 · Cited by 139 · see citing works

Absent or hypoplastic thymus on ultrasound: a marker for deletion 22q11.2 in fetal cardiac defects

Chaoui, R., Kalache, K. D., Heling, K. S., Tennstedt, C., Bommer, C., & Körner, H. (2002) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00864.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works

Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: A scientific statement from the american heart association

Donofrio, M., Moon-Grady, A., Hornberger, L., Copel, J. A., Sklansky, M., Abuhamad, A., Cuneo, B. F., Huhta, J. C., Ra, J., Krishnan, A. N., et al. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 122 · see citing works

The thymic–thoracic ratio in fetal heart defects: a simple way to identify fetuses at high risk for microdeletion 22q11

Chaoui, R., Heling, K. ‐., Sarut Lopez, A., Thiel, G., & Karl, K. (2011) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.8952 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Aberrant right subclavian artery in fetuses with Down syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Scala, C., Maggiore, U. L. R., Candiani, M., Venturini, P. L., Ferrero, S., Greco, T., & Cavoretto, P. I. (2015) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.14774 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

Common arterial trunk in the fetus: characteristics, associations, and outcome in a multicentre series of 23 cases

Volpe, P., Paladini, D., Marasini, M., Buonadonna, A. L., Russo, M. G., Caruso, G., Marzullo, A., Vassallo, M. C., Martinelli, P., & Gentile, M. (2003) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heart.89.12.1437 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

The role of the three vessels and trachea view (3VT) in the diagnosis of congenital heart defects

Viñals, F., Heredia, F., & Giuliano, A. (2003) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.882 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

Prenatal diagnosis of right aortic arch: associated findings, pregnancy outcome, and clinical significance of vascular rings

Galindo, A., Nieto, O., Nieto, M. T., Rodríguez-Martín, M., Herraı̀z, I., Escribano, D., & Granados, M. A. (2009) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.2327 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Prenatal Screening for Major Congenital Heart Disease

Sklansky, M., Berman, D. P., Pruetz, J. D., & Chang, R. R. (2009) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.7863/jum.2009.28.7.889 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

The fetal three-vessel and tracheal view revisited

Gardiner, H., & Chaoui, R. (2013) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2013.01.007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of persistent left superior vena cava on prenatal ultrasound: associated anomalies, diagnostic accuracy and postnatal outcome

Gustapane, S., Leombroni, M., Khalil, A. A., Giacci, F., Marrone, L., Bascietto, F., Rizzo, G., Acharya, G., Liberati, M., & D’Antonio, F. (2016) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.15914 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Fetal Aortic Arch Anomalies: Key Sonographic Views for Their Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Implications Using the Cardiovascular System Sonographic Evaluation Protocol

Bravo, C., Gámez, F., Pérez, R., Álvarez, T., & De León-Luis, J. (2016) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.7863/ultra.15.02063 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of absent pulmonary valve syndrome: contemporary single‐center experience and review of the literature

Wertaschnigg, D., Jaeggi, M., Chitayat, D. A., Shannon, P. T., Ryan, G., Thompson, M. E., Yoo, S., & JAEGGI, E. T. (2012) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.11193 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

Prenatal Detection of Congenital Heart Defects at the 11‐ to 13‐Week Scan Using a Simple Color Doppler Protocol Including the 4‐Chamber and 3‐Vessel and Trachea Views

Wiechec, M. T., Knafel, A., & Nocuń, A. (2015) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.7863/ultra.34.4.585 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

Left superior caval vein: a powerful indicator of fetal coarctation: Table 1

Pasquini, L., Fichera, A., Tan, T., Ho, S. Y., & Gardiner, H. (2005) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.045443 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Aberrant right subclavian artery: incidence and correlation with other markers of Down syndrome in second‐trimester fetuses

Paladini, D., Sglavo, G., Pastore, G., Masucci, A., D'Armiento, M. R., & Nappi, C. (2011) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.10053 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

The complete three‐vessel view in prenatal detection of congenital heart defects

Tongsong, T., Tongprasert, F., Srisupundit, K., & Luewan, S. (2009) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.2404 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Thymic–thoracic ratio in fetuses with trisomy 21, 18 or 13

Karl, K., Heling, K. ‐., Sarut Lopez, A., Thiel, G., & Chaoui, R. (2012) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.11068 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Intrathymic and other anomalous courses of the left brachiocephalic vein in the fetus

Karl, K., Sinkovskaya, E. S., Abuhamad, A., & Chaoui, R. (2015) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.15795 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

The effect of the introduction of the three‐vessel view on the detection rate of transposition of the great arteries and tetralogy of <scp>Fallot</scp>

Everwijn, S. M. P., van Nisselrooij, A. E. L., Rozendaal, L., Clur, S. B., Pajkrt, E., Hruda, J., Linskens, I. H., van Lith, J. M., Blom, N. A., & Haak, M. C. (2018) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.5347 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

A practical guide to fetal echocardiography: normal and abnormal hearts

Weston, M. J. (2011) · Clinical Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.crad.2010.12.008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Clinical Utility of Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Tetralogy of Fallot With Absent Pulmonary Valve

Chelliah, A., BERGER, J. T., Blask, A., & Donofrio, M. T. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.139758 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Increasing curvature of the normal fetal ductus arteriosus with advancing gestational age

Benson, C. B., Brown, D. L., Doubilet, P. M., DiSalvo, D. N., Laing, F. C., & Frates, M. C. (1995) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1995.05020095.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Prenatal and Postnatal Survival of Fetal Tetralogy of Fallot

Zhao, Y., Abuhamad, A., Fleenor, J., Guo, Y., Zhang, W., Cao, D., Zeng, S., Sinkovskaya, E. S., & Zhou, Q. (2016) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.7863/ultra.15.04055 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Rightward convexity of the great vessel arising from the anterior ventricle: a novel fetal marker for transposition of the great arteries

Menahem, S., Rotstein, A., & Meagher, S. (2012) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.11171 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava Connected to the Coronary Sinus in the Fetus: Effects on Cardiac Structure and Flow Dynamics

Liu, X., He, Y., Tian, Z., & Rychik, J. R. (2016) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-016-1395-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

The reverse boomerang sign: a marker for first-trimester transposition of great arteries

Bravo‐Valenzuela, N. J., Peixoto, A. B., Júnior, E. A., Costa, F. D. S., & Meagher, S. E. (2017) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1387892 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

“Y Sign” at the Level of the 3‐Vessel and Trachea View: An Effective Fetal Marker of Aortic Dextroposition Anomalies in the First Trimester

Pasternok, M., Nocuń, A., Knafel, A., Grzesiak, M., Orzechowski, M., Konarska, K., Ludwin, A., Ludwin, I., Zymroz, P., Parzynska, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.1002/jum.14533 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

A Simple and Easy Technique for Imaging the Fetal Esophagus in the First, Second, and Third Trimesters Using the Transverse Section of the Esophagus in the Area Behind the Heart as a Reference Point

Venkatesh, P. (2018) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.1002/jum.14646 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

A Review of Findings in Fetal Cardiac Section Drawings

Jeanty, P., Chaoui, R., Tihonenko, I., & Grochal, F. (2008) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.7863/jum.2008.27.1.109 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Antenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease by fetal phonocardiography

Iyengar, R., & Fox, R. (1972) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(72)90213-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works

<scp>ISUOG</scp> Practice Guidelines (updated): performance of the routine mid‐trimester fetal ultrasound scan

Salomon, L. J., Alfirevic, Z., Berghella, V., Bilardo, C. M., Chalouhi, G. E., Da Silva Costa, F., Hernandez‐Andrade, E., Malinger, G., Munoz, H., Paladini, D., et al. (2022) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.24888 · Cited by 436 · see citing works

ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): fetal cardiac screening

Carvalho, J. S., Axt-Fliedner, R., Chaoui, R., Copel, J. A., Cuneo, B. F., Goff, D., Kopylov, L. G., Hecher, K., Lee, W., Moon‐Grady, A. J., et al. (2023) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.26224 · Cited by 261 · see citing works

Evaluation of Fetal Cardiac Size and Shape: A New Screening Tool to Identify Fetuses at Risk for Tetralogy of Fallot

DeVore, G. R., Satou, G. M., Afshar, Y., Harake, D. E., & Sklansky, M. (2021) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.1002/jum.15639 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): fetal cardiac screening

Carvalho, J. S., Axt-Fliedner, R., Chaoui, R., Copel, J. A., Cuneo, B. F., Goff, D., Kopylov, L. G., Hecher, K., Lee, W., Moon‐Grady, A. J., et al. (2024) · Ultrasound & Functional Diagnostics · doi:10.24835/1607-0771-270 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Maternal-Fetal Ultrasouno Video Dataset for End-to-end Intrapartum Biometry and Multi-task Learning

Niu, M., Bai, J., Gao, Y., Tang, Y., Lu, Y., Han, Z., Hou, H., & Huang, Y. (2026) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-026-06900-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Double trouble: A clinical case report of double aortic arch and aberrant location of left subclavian artery

Kinnane, P. (2021) · Sonography · doi:10.1002/sono.12270

The Three-Y and Trachea View (3Y + T): A Conceptual Extension of the Three-Vessel and Trachea View for Comprehensive Fetal Echocardiographic Assessment

Teixeira, A. M., & Guedes‐Martins, L. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16142180

376: The “three vessel and trachea view” as part of the routine fetal anatomic survey: analysis of success rates, technical quality, and time requirements

Singh, K., Feldman, D. S., Rad, S., Burk, C., Peterman, J., Esakoff, T. F., & Rotmensch, S. (2012) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.10.541

Three Vessel Trachea View Its Relevance in Fetal Cardiac Evaluation

Praveen, T. L. N. (2017) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.08.1375

Abnormal three-vessel view on sonography: a clue to the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in the fetus.

Yoo, S., Lee, Y. H., & Cho, K. S. (1999) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.172.3.10063890 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

The Three-Vessel View

(2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-0573-0_9

OP04.36: The role of the three‐vessel view in the examination of the fetal heart at 22 weeks

Assimakopoulos, E. A., Mikos, T., Zafrakas, Μ., Rouvalis, F., Athanasiadis, A., & Bontis, J. N. (2006) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.3163