Sex and Gender Differences in Central Nervous System-Related Disorders
Open accessAbstract
There are important sex differences in the brain that seem to arise from biology as well as psychosocial influences. Sex differences in several aspects of human behavior and cognition have been reported. Gonadal sex steroids or genes found on sex chromosomes influence sex differences in neuroanatomy, neurochemistry and neuronal structure, and connectivity. There has been some resistance to accept that sex differences in the human brain exist and have biological relevance; however, a few years ago, it has been recommended by the USA National Institute of Mental Health to incorporate sex as a variable in experimental and clinical neurological and psychiatric studies. We here review the clinical literature on sex differences in pain and neurological and psychiatric diseases, with the aim to further stimulate interest in sexual dimorphisms in the brain and brain diseases, possibly encouraging more research in the field of the implications of sex differences for treating these conditions.
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Research on pain has traditionally been heavily male biased.
“Similar to oxytocin research, research on pain has traditionally been heavily male biased,16 whereas women tend to suffer more from acute and chronic pain.58”
From Intranasal oxytocin enhances intrinsic corticostriatal functional connectivity in women (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Zagni, E., Simoni, L., & Colombo, D.
- Affiliations
- Novartis (Italy) (IT)
- MediNeos Observational Research, Viale Virgilio 54/U, 41123 Modena, Italy
- Corresponding author
- Colombo, Delia
- Venue
- Neuroscience Journal
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2016-05-30
- Volume
- 2016
- Pages
- 1-13
- ISSN
- 2314-4262 (ISSN-L)
- 2314-4270
- PMC
- PMC4904110
- OpenAlex
- W2411714001
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neuroscience Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Keywords
- sex differences, sexual dimorphism, central nervous system disorders, sex hormones, sex chromosomes, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, pain, neurological disorders, mental illness
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