Gut feelings about smoking and coffee in Parkinson's disease
Open accessAbstract
Strong epidemiologic evidence suggests that smokers and coffee drinkers have a lower risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). The explanation for this finding is still unknown, and the discussion has focused on two main hypotheses. The first suggests that PD patients have premorbid personality traits associated with dislike for coffee-drinking and smoking. The second posits that caffeine and nicotine are neuroprotective. We propose an alternative third hypothesis, in which both cigarette and coffee consumption change the composition of the microbiota in the gut in a way that mitigates intestinal inflammation. This, in turn, would lead to less misfolding of the protein alpha-synuclein in enteric nerves, reducing the risk of PD by minimizing propagation of the protein aggregates to the central nervous system, where they otherwise can induce neurodegeneration.
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Smoking reduces gut inflammation, decreases luminal epithelial permeability, and decreases the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae.
“Smoking reduces gut inflammation, decreases luminal epithelial permeability, and decreases the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae [189, 190].”
From The gut–brain axis in early Parkinson’s disease: from prodrome to prevention (2025) · cites this paper as [189]
In “The hypothesis” (page unavailable), the authors suggest that smoking and coffee might mitigate gastrointestinal inflammation through changes in gut microbiota; they do not establish that smoking reduces inflammation. Our copy does not support the additional claims about epithelial permeability or Enterobacteriaceae abundance. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDue to altered gut microbiota, coffee drinkers and smokers are at a lower risk of development of Parkinson's disease.
“Paradoxically, due to altered gut microbiota coffee drinkers and smokers are at a lower risk of development of this condition [432].”
From The Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [432]
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- Authors
- Derkinderen, P., Shannon, K. M., & Brundin, P.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Van Andel Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brundin, Patrik
- Venue
- Movement Disorders
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-04-21
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 976-979
- ISSN
- 0885-3185 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8257
- PMC
- PMC4107006
- OpenAlex
- W1897759802
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 8.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Movement Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U10NS044475)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, smoking, coffee consumption, gut microbiota, intestinal inflammation, enteric nerves, caffeine, nicotine, neuroprotection, premorbid personality traits, neurodegeneration
- MeSH terms
- Coffee, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Risk Factors, Smoking, Gastrointestinal Tract, Microbiota
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