Parkinson’s Disease and the Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Abstract
Recently, there has been a surge in awareness of the gastrointestinal microbiome (GM) and its role in health and disease. Of particular note is an association between the GM and Parkinson's disease (PD) and the realisation that the GM can act via a complex bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Compelling evidence suggests that a shift in GM composition may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD by facilitating the characteristic ascending neurodegenerative spread of α-synuclein aggregates from the enteric nervous system to the brain. Here, we review evidence linking GM changes with PD, highlighting mechanisms supportive of pathological α-synuclein spread and intestinal inflammation in PD. We summarise existing patterns and correlations seen in clinical studies of the GM in PD, together with the impacts of non-motor symptoms, medications, lifestyle, diet and ageing on the GM. Roles of GM modulating therapies including probiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation are discussed. Encouragingly, alterations in the GM have repeatedly been observed in PD, supporting a biological link and highlighting it as a potential therapeutic target.
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Intestinal inflammation is a crucial contributor to PD development.
“Intestinal inflammation is a crucial contributor to PD development [53,54,55,56].”
From Neuroprotective Effects of Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1067 in MPTP-Induced Mouse Models of Parkinson’s Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [56]
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Tryptophan metabolism and gut-brain homeostasis
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Heart Matters: Cardiac Dysfunction and Other Autonomic Changes in Parkinson’s Disease
Gonçalves, V. C., Cuenca-Bermejo, L., Fernandez-Villalba, E., Martin-Balbuena, S., da Silva Fernandes, M. J., Scorza, C. A., & Herrero, M.-T. (2022) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858421990000 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Zhang, T., Wang, T., Chen, X., Zhao, Z., & Chen, Z. (2021) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10974 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Evidence for immune system alterations in peripheral biological fluids in Parkinson’s disease
Bartl, M., Xylaki, M., Bähr, M., Weber, S., Trenkwalder, C., & Mollenhauer, B. (2022) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105744 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Deep Nasal Sinus Cavity Microbiota Dysbiosis in Parkinson’s Disease
Pal, G., Ramirez, V., Engen, P. A., Naqib, A., Forsyth, C. B., Green, S. J., Mahdavinia, M., Batra, P. S., Tajudeen, B. A., & Keshavarzian, A. (2021) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-021-00254-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chan, D. G., Ventura, K., Villeneuve, A., Du Bois, P., & Holahan, M. R. (2022) · Journal of Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-223461 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lubomski, M., Tan, A. H., Lim, S.-Y., Holmes, A. J., Davis, R. L., & Sue, C. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Malaya (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Lubomski, Michal
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology
- Published
- 2019-04-30
- Volume
- 267
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2507-2523
- ISSN
- 0012-1037 (ISSN-L)
- 0340-5354
- 1432-1459
- OpenAlex
- W2942596495
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 165
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 11
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ResearchOnline@ND (The University of Notre Dame) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, gastrointestinal microbiome, gut-brain axis, alpha-synuclein aggregation, neurodegeneration, intestinal inflammation, enteric nervous system, non-motor symptoms, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, diet, aging, gut dysbiosis
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Humans, Inflammation, Parkinson Disease, Enteric Nervous System, alpha-Synuclein
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