Betanin—A food colorant with biological activity
Abstract
Betalains are water‐soluble nitrogen‐containing pigments that are subdivided in red‐violet betacyanins and yellow‐orange betaxanthins. Due to glycosylation and acylation betalains exhibit a huge structural diversity. Betanin (betanidin‐5‐O‐β‐glucoside) is the most common betacyanin in the plant kingdom. According to the regulation on food additives betanin is permitted quantum satis as a natural red food colorant (E162). Moreover, betanin is used as colorant in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Recently, potential health benefits of betalains and betalain‐rich foods (e.g. red beet, Opuntia sp.) have been discussed. Betanin is a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and exhibits gene‐regulatory activity partly via nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2‐(Nrf2) dependent signaling pathways. Betanin may induce phase II enzymes and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Furthermore, betanin possibly prevents LDL oxidation and DNA damage. Potential blood pressure lowering effects of red beet seem to be mainly mediated by dietary nitrate rather than by betanin per se.
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Beetroot contains numerous bioactive compounds, such as betanin and betaxanthins (betalains), phenolic acids (ferulic, caffeic, gallic and p-coumaric acids), flavonoids (e.g., astragalin, kaempferol, rutin and quercetin), carotenoids, coumarins, terpenoids, alkaloids and tannins.
“It contains numerous bioactive compounds, such as the pigments betanin and betaxanthins (betalains), as well as phenolic acids (ferulic, caffeic, gallic and p-coumaric acids), flavonoids (e.g., astragalin, kaempferol, rutin and quercetin), carotenoids, coumarins, terpenoids, alkaloids and tannins [91,92,93,94].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [91]
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- Authors
- Esatbeyoglu, T., Wagner, A. E., Schini‐Kerth, V. B., & Rimbach, G.
- Affiliations
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Rimbach, Gerald
- Venue
- Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-10-03
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 36-47
- ISSN
- 1613-4125 (ISSN-L)
- 1613-4133
- OpenAlex
- W2018893912
- Cited by
- 406
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Nutrition & Food Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Botanical Research and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Pomegranate: compositions and health benefits
- Keywords
- betanin, betalains, betacyanins, betaxanthins, natural food colorants, reactive oxygen species scavenging, Nrf2 signaling, phase II enzymes, antioxidant defense, LDL oxidation, DNA damage, beetroot, Opuntia, dietary nitrate, blood pressure reduction, glycosylation, acylation
- MeSH terms
- Antioxidants, Biological Availability, Food Coloring Agents, Humans, Plant Extracts, Vasodilator Agents, Beta vulgaris, Opuntia, Betacyanins, Phytochemicals
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