High protein intake stimulates postprandial GLP1 and PYY release
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Meals high in protein induce greater intermeal satiety than meals high in fat and carbohydrates. We studied the gut hormone response and subsequent food intake after breakfasts high in protein, carbohydrate or high in fat controlled for volume, calories and appearance. Design and Methods: Eight healthy volunteers participated in this randomized three‐way crossover study. Study breakfasts were calculated to provide 20% of daily energy requirements and provided either 60% of energy from protein, fat or carbohydrate. Blood was drawn half‐hourly for 4 h; energy intake at a subsequent ad libitum meal was measured. Results: Total ghrelin decreased after food intake equally with the three breakfasts. PYY levels were highest after the high protein breakfast (P = 0.005). Indeed, PYY at 240 min was highest after the high protein breakfast compared to the high fat breakfast and to the high carbohydrate breakfast (P = 0.011 and P = 0.012, respectively). GLP‐1 levels were highest after the high protein breakfast (P = 0.041) at 120 min and remained higher throughout the study. These differences in gut hormones did not translate into differences in food intake (1023 ± 390 kcal after high protein, 1016 ± 388 kcal after high fat and 1158 ± 433 kcal after high carbohydrate). Conclusion: We conclude that a high protein meal increases circulating concentrations of the gut hormones PYY and GLP‐1, but when meals are matched for volume, appearance and caloric value, these gut hormone changes do not translate into a reduction in ad libitum food intake.
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High-protein diets have received particular attention due to their potential to enhance satiety, preserve lean body mass, and attenuate adaptive reductions in resting energy expenditure that accompany weight loss.
“high-protein diets have received particular attention due to their potential to enhance satiety, preserve lean body mass, and attenuate adaptive reductions in resting energy expenditure that accompany weight loss”
From Weight maintenance after discontinuation of GLP-1 therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [57]
The Objective (page unavailable) states that high-protein meals can induce greater intermeal satiety, although the Discussion reports no increase in fullness or reduction in food intake in this study. The paper does not address preservation of lean body mass or adaptive reductions in resting energy expenditure during weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- van der Klaauw, A. A., Keogh, J. M., Henning, E., Trowse, V. M., Dhillo, W. S., Ghatei, M. A., & Farooqi, I. S.
- Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge UK
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Farooqi, I. Sadaf
- Venue
- Obesity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-05-13
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1602-1607
- ISSN
- 1930-7381 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-739X
- PMC
- PMC6548554
- OpenAlex
- W1739360569
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 9.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- The Wellcome Trust
- MRC Center for Obesity
- Related Metabolic Disease
- National Institute of Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Center
- Bernard Wolfe Health Neuroscience Fund
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- high-protein diet, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, ghrelin, satiety, dietary intake, breakfast composition, macronutrient composition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Energy Intake, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Hunger, Male, Middle Aged, Satiation, Cross-Over Studies, Postprandial Period, Peptide YY, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Ghrelin, Young Adult, Meals, Healthy Volunteers
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