Vagal and hormonal gut-brain communication: from satiation to satisfaction
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Abstract Studying communication between the gut and the brain is as relevant and exciting as it has been since Pavlov’s discoveries a century ago. Although the efferent limb of this communication has witnessed significant advances, it is the afferent, or sensory, limb that has recently made for exciting news. It is now clear that signals from the gut are crucial for the control of appetite and the regulation of energy balance, glucose homeostasis, and more. Ghrelin, discovered just a few years ago, is the first gut hormone that increases appetite, and it may be involved in eating disorders. The stable analogue of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 has rapidly advanced to one of the most promising treatment options for type‐2 diabetes. Changes in the signalling patterns of these and other gut hormones best explain the remarkable capacity of gastric bypass surgery to lower food intake and excess body weight. Given the enormous societal implications of the obesity epidemic, these are no small feats. Together with the older gut hormone cholecystokinin and abundant vagal mechanosensors, the gut continuously sends information to the brain regarding the quality and quantity of ingested nutrients, not only important for satiation and meal termination, but also for the appetitive phase of ingestive behaviour and the patterning of meals within given environmental constraints. By acting not only on brainstem and hypothalamus, this stream of sensory information from the gut to the brain is in a position to generate a feeling of satisfaction and happiness as observed after a satiating meal and exploited in vagal afferent stimulation for depression.
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Vagal afferents innervating the gastrointestinal tract provide a rapid and discrete account of digestible food as well as circulating and stored fuels, while vagal efferents together with hormonal mechanisms codetermine the rate of nutrient absorption, storage, and mobilization.
“In case of food intake, vagal afferents innervating the gastrointestinal tract provide a rapid and discrete account of digestible food as well as circulating and stored fuels, while vagal efferents together with the hormonal mechanisms codetermine the rate of nutrient absorption, storage, and mobilization (37).”
From Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Berthoud, H. ‐.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Berthoud, H.‐r.
- Venue
- Neurogastroenterology & Motility
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-04-08
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- s1
- Pages
- 64-72
- ISSN
- 1350-1925 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2982
- PMC
- PMC3617963
- OpenAlex
- W1569037784
- Cited by
- 307
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 1.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Neurogastroenterology & Motility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-47348, R01DK071082, DK52257, R01DK047348)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Keywords
- gut-brain signaling, gastrointestinal hormones, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, cholecystokinin, satiation, meal termination, appetite regulation, energy balance, glucose homeostasis, gastric bypass, obesity, eating disorders
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Appetite Regulation, Brain, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Humans, Neural Pathways, Personal Satisfaction, Satiation, Vagus Nerve, Gastrointestinal Tract
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