Measuring and estimating insulin resistance in clinical and research settings

Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and ?-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man

Matthews, D. R., Hosker, J. P., Rudenski, A. S., Naylor, B. A., Treacher, D. F., & Turner, R. C. (1985) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00280883 · Cited by 31,502 · cited 1× · see citing works

Magnesium Replacement Improves the Metabolic Profile in Obese and Pre-Diabetic Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease: A 3-Month, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Toprak, Ö., Kurt, H., Sarı, Y., Şarkış, C., Us, H., & Kırık, A. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000468530 · Cited by 29,769 · see citing works

Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance.

DeFronzo, R. A., Tobin, J. D., & Andres, R. (1979) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1979.237.3.e214 · Cited by 7,425 · see citing works

Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp

Matsuda, M., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462 · Cited by 5,621 · see citing works

Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity In Humans

Katz, A., Nambi, S. S., Mather, K., Baron, A. D., Follmann, D. A., Sullivan, G., & Quon, M. J. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.7.6661 · Cited by 3,831 · see citing works

Mechanisms for Insulin Resistance: Common Threads and Missing Links

Samuel, V. T., & Shulman, G. I. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.017 · Cited by 2,294 · see citing works

The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp.

Guerrero-Romero, F., Simental-Mendía, L. E., González-Ortiz, M., Martínez-Abundis, E., Ramos-Zavala, M. G., Hernández-González, S. O., Jacques-Camarena, O., & Rodríguez-Moran, M. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0288 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works

Correct Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) Evaluation Uses the Computer Program

Lévy, J., Matthews, D. R., & Hermans, M. P. (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.12.2191 · Cited by 1,997 · see citing works

Quantitative estimation of insulin sensitivity.

Bergman, R. N., Ider, Y. Z., Bowden, C. R., & Cobelli, C. (1979) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1979.236.6.e667 · Cited by 1,874 · see citing works

Visceral Adiposity Index

Amato, M. C., Giordano, C., Galia, M., Criscimanna, A., Vitabile, S., Midiri, M., Galluzzo, A., & for the AlkaMeSy Study Group (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1825 · Cited by 1,751 · see citing works

Contribution of de novo fatty acid synthesis to hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance: lessons from genetically engineered mice

Postic, C., & Girard, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci34275 · Cited by 1,200 · see citing works

Assessment of Insulin Sensitivityin Vivo*

Bergman, R. N., Finegood, D. T., & Ader, M. (1985) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-6-1-45 · Cited by 1,062 · see citing works

Use of the oral glucose tolerance test to assess insulin release and insulin sensitivity.

Stümvoll, M., Mitrakou, A., Pimenta, W. P., Jenssen, T. G., Yki-Järvinen, H., van Haeften, T. W., Renn, W., & Gerich, J. E. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.3.295 · Cited by 1,040 · see citing works

Toward Physiological Understanding of Glucose Tolerance: Minimal-Model Approach

Bergman, R. N. (1989) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.38.12.1512 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works

Fatty acids, obesity, and insulin resistance: Time for a reevaluation

Karpe, F., Dickmann, J. R., & Frayn, K. N. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-0425 · Cited by 896 · see citing works

Glucose and free fatty acid metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Evidence for multiple sites of insulin resistance.

Groop, L. C., Bonadonna, R. C., DelPrato, S., Ratheiser, K., Zyck, K., Ferrannini, E., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1989) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114142 · Cited by 812 · see citing works

A Model-Based Method for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity From the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Mari, A., Pacini, G., Murphy, E., Ludvik, B. H., & Nolan, J. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.3.539 · Cited by 805 · see citing works

Equivalence of the insulin sensitivity index in man derived by the minimal model method and the euglycemic glucose clamp.

Bergman, R. N., Prager, R., Volund, A., & Olefsky, J. M. (1987) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci112886 · Cited by 772 · see citing works

Insulin resistance in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: sites and mechanisms

Bugianesi, E., Gastaldelli, A., Vanni, E., Gambino, R., Cassader, M., Baldi, S., Ponti, V., Pagano, G., Ferrannini, E., & Rizzetto, M. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1682-x · Cited by 770 · see citing works

Diagnosing Insulin Resistance in the General Population

McAuley, K. A., Williams, S., Mann, J. I., Walker, R. J., Lewis‐Barned, N., Temple, L. A., & Duncan, A. W. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.3.460 · Cited by 752 · see citing works

Is There a Simple Way to Identify Insulin-Resistant Individuals at Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease?

McLaughlin, T., Reaven, G. M., Abbasi, F., Lamendola, C. A., Saad, M. F., Waters, D. D., Simon, J., & Krauss, R. M. (2005) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.03.085 · Cited by 659 · see citing works

Relationship between hepatic/visceral fat and hepatic insulin resistance in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects

Gastaldelli, A., Cusi, K., Pettiti, M., Hardies, J., Miyazaki, Y., Berria, R., Buzzigoli, E., Sironi, A. M., Cersosimo, E., Ferrannini, E., et al. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.04.068 · Cited by 629 · see citing works

The metabolically healthy but obese individual presents a favorable inflammation profile

Karelis, A. D., Faraj, M., Bastard, J.-P., St-Pierre, D. H., Brochu, M., Prud’homme, D., & Rabasa-Lhoret, R. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0482 · Cited by 579 · see citing works

Muscle and Liver Insulin Resistance Indexes Derived From the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Abdul-Ghani, M. A., Matsuda, M., Balas, B., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1519 · Cited by 555 · see citing works

Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) cut-off values and the metabolic syndrome in a general adult population: effect of gender and age: EPIRCE cross-sectional study

Díz, P., Otero-González, A., Rodríguez‐Álvarez, M. X., Gudé, F., López, F. J. G., de Francisco, A., & González‐Quintela, A. (2013) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-13-47 · Cited by 550 · see citing works

Estimation of Endogenous Glucose Production During Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Glucose Clamps: Comparison of Unlabeled and Labeled Exogenous Glucose Infusates

Finegood, D. T., Bergman, R. N., & Vranić, M. (1987) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.36.8.914 · Cited by 546 · see citing works

The Subtle Balance between Lipolysis and Lipogenesis: A Critical Point in Metabolic Homeostasis

Saponaro, C., Gaggini, M., Carli, F., & Gastaldelli, A. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7115475 · Cited by 531 · see citing works

Banting Lecture 1997. Control of glucose uptake and release by the liver in vivo.

Cherrington, A. D. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.5.1198 · Cited by 500 · see citing works

Validation of the insulin sensitivity index (ISI0,120): comparison with other measures

Gutt, M., Davis, C. L., Spitzer, S. B., Llabre, M. M., Kumar, M., Czarnecki, E. M., Schneiderman, N., Skyler, J. S., & Marks, J. B. (2000) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(99)00116-3 · Cited by 464 · see citing works

Evaluation of Simple Indices of Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion for Use in Epidemioiogic Studies

Hanson, R. L., Pratley, R. E., Bogardus, C., Narayan, K. M. V., Roumain, J. M. L., Imperatore, G., Fagot-Campagna, A., Pettitt, D. J., Bennett, P. H., & Knowler, W. C. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010187 · Cited by 463 · see citing works

Identification of Individuals With Insulin Resistance Using Routine Clinical Measurements

Stern, S. E., Williams, K., Ferrannini, E., DeFronzo, R. A., Bogardus, C., & Stern, M. P. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.2.333 · Cited by 384 · see citing works

A Comparison Between the Minimal Model and the Glucose Clamp in the Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity Across the Spectrum of Glucose Tolerance

Saad, M. F., Anderson, R. L., Laws, A., Watanabe, R. M., Kades, W. W., Chen, Y. D. I., Sands, R. E., Pei, D., Savage, P. J., & Bergman, R. N. (1994) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.43.9.1114 · Cited by 376 · see citing works

Defining insulin resistance from hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps

Tam, C. S., Xie, W., Johnson, W. D., Cefalu, W. T., Redman, L. M., & Ravussin, E. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-2339 · Cited by 364 · see citing works

Obesity and insulin resistance in humans: A dose-response study

Bonadonna, R. C., Leif, G., Kraemer, N., Ferrannini, E., Prato, S. D., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1990) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(90)90002-t · Cited by 355 · see citing works

Role of adipose tissue insulin resistance in the natural history of type 2 diabetes: results from the san antonio metabolism study

Gastaldelli, A., Gaggini, M., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2017) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db16-1167 · Cited by 344 · see citing works

Radioactive and Stable Isotope Tracers in Biomedicine: Principles and Practice of Kinetic Analysis

Matthews, D. E. (1993) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/58.3.452 · Cited by 324 · see citing works

Influence of obesity and type 2 diabetes on gluconeogenesis and glucose output in humans: a quantitative study.

Gastaldelli, A., Baldi, S., Pettiti, M., Toschi, E., Camastra, S., Natali, A., Landau, B. R., & Ferrannini, E. (2000) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.8.1367 · Cited by 320 · see citing works

Relationship between Serum Resistin Concentrations and Insulin Resistance in Nonobese, Obese, and Obese Diabetic Subjects

Heilbronn, L. K., Rood, J. C., Janderova, L., Albu, J., Kelley, D. E., Ravussin, É., & Smith, S. R. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031410 · Cited by 307 · see citing works

Metabolic and histological implications of intrahepatic triglyceride content in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Bril, F., Barb, D., Portillo-Sánchez, P., Biernacki, D., Lomonaco, R., Suman, A., Weber, M. H., Budd, J. T., Lupi, M. E., & Cusi, K. J. (2016) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.28985 · Cited by 291 · see citing works

Insulin release and peripheral sensitivity at the oral glucose tolerance test

Cederholm, J., & Wibell, L. (1990) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/0168-8227(90)90040-z · Cited by 264 · see citing works

Insulin Sensitivity Indices Calculated from Basal and OGTT-Induced Insulin, Glucose, and FFA Levels

Belfiore, F., Iannello, S., & Volpicelli, G. (1998) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1006/mgme.1997.2658 · Cited by 263 · see citing works

Incorporation of the Fasting Plasma FFA Concentration into QUICKI Improves Its Association with Insulin Sensitivity in Nonobese Individuals

Perseghin, G., Caumo, A., Caloni, M., Testolin, G., & Luzi, L. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.10.7902 · Cited by 259 · see citing works

FFA cause hepatic insulin resistance by inhibiting insulin suppression of glycogenolysis

Boden, G. H., Cheung, P., Stein, T. P., Kresge, K. M., & Mozzoli, M. A. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00429.2001 · Cited by 248 · see citing works

A simple index of lipid overaccumulation is a good marker of liver steatosis

Bedogni, G., Kahn, H. S., Bellentani, S., & Tiribelli, C. (2010) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/1471-230x-10-98 · Cited by 245 · see citing works

Crosstalk between adipose tissue insulin resistance and liver macrophages in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Rosso, C., Kazankov, K., Younes, R., Esmaili, S., Marietti, M., Sacco, M., Carli, F., Gaggini, M., Salomone, F., Møller, H. J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.06.031 · Cited by 217 · see citing works

Splanchnic and renal metabolism of insulin in human subjects: a dose-response study

Ferrannini, E., Wahren, J., FABER, O. K., Felig, P., Binder, C., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1983) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1983.244.6.e517 · Cited by 214 · see citing works

Effect of Renal Disease on Renal Uptake and Excretion of Insulin in Man

Rabkin, R., SIMON, N. M., Steiner, S. H., & Colwell, J. A. (1970) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197001222820402 · Cited by 203 · see citing works

How to Measure Adipose Tissue Insulin Sensitivity

Søndergaard, E., Ycaza, A. E. E. D., Morgan-Bathke, M. E., & Jensen, M. D. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-00047 · Cited by 202 · see citing works

Should triglycerides and the triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio be used as surrogates for insulin resistance?

Kim-Dorner, S.-J., Deuster, P. A., Zeno, S. A., Remaley, A. T., & Poth, M. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.07.027 · Cited by 184 · see citing works

Surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity vs the hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp: a meta-analysis

Otten, J., Åhrén, B., & Olsson, T. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3285-x · Cited by 170 · see citing works

Effect of short-term fasting on lipolytic responsiveness in normal and obese human subjects

Wolfe, R. R., Peters, E. J., Klein, S., Holland, O. B., Rosenblatt, J. I., & Gary, H. (1987) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1987.252.2.e189 · Cited by 163 · see citing works

Effect of Physiological Hyperinsulinemia on Gluconeogenesis in Nondiabetic Subjects and in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Gastaldelli, A., Toschi, E., Pettiti, M., Frascerra, S., Quiñones-Galvan, A., Sironi, A. M., Natali, A., & Ferrannini, E. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1807 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

A BREIF ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION

Anderson, R. L., Hamman, R. F., Savage, P. J., Saad, M. F., Laws, A., Kades, W. W., Sands, R., & Cefalu, W. T. (1995) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/142.7.724 · Cited by 138 · see citing works

Relationships of surrogate indexes of insulin resistance with insulin sensitivity assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and subclinical vascular damage

Fiorentino, T. V., Marini, M. A., Succurro, E., Andreozzi, F., & Sesti, G. (2019) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000911 · Cited by 125 · see citing works

Use of HOMA-IR to diagnose non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based and inter-laboratory study

Isokuortti, E., Zhou, Y., Peltonen, M., Bugianesi, E., Clement, K., Bonnefont-Rousselot, D., Lacorte, J.-M., Gastaldelli, A., Schuppan, D., Schattenberg, J. M., et al. (2017) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4340-1 · Cited by 120 · see citing works

Separate Contribution of Diabetes, Total Fat Mass, and Fat Topography to Glucose Production, Gluconeogenesis, and Glycogenolysis

Gastaldelli, A., Miyazaki, Y., Pettiti, M., Buzzigoli, E., Mahankali, S., Ferrannini, E., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031941 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

Insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness: minimal model analysis of regular and insulin-modified FSIGT

Pacini, G., Tonolo, G., Sambataro, M. P., Maioli, M., Ciccarese, M., Brocco, E., Avogaro, A., & Nosadini, R. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.4.e592 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

The BIGTT Test

Hansen, T. F., Drivsholm, T., Urhammer, S. A., y Palacios, R. T., Vølund, A., Borch‐Johnsen, K., & Pedersen, O. B. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1240 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Multiorgan insulin sensitivity in lean and obese subjects

Conte, C., Fabbrini, E., Kars, M., Mittendorfer, B., Patterson, B. W., & Klein, S. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1951 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

The Effect of Pioglitazone on the Liver

Gastaldelli, A., Miyazaki, Y., Mahankali, A., Berria, R., Pettiti, M., Buzzigoli, E., Ferrannini, E., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc05-2445 · Cited by 86 · see citing works

Glucose and glycogen in the diabetic kidney: Heroes or villains?

Sullivan, M. A., & Forbes, J. M. (2019) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.067 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Adaptation of Insulin Clearance to Metabolic Demand Is a Key Determinant of Glucose Tolerance

Gastaldelli, A., Abdul‐Ghani, M. A., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2020) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db19-1152 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Relationship between the hyperinsulinemic–euglycaemic clamp and a new simple index assessing insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese postmenopausal women

Bastard, J., Vandernotte, J.-M., Faraj, M., Karelis, A. D., Messier, L., Malita, F. M., Garrel, D. R., Prud’homme, D., & RABASA-LHORET, R. P. R. (2007) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2007.02.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Peripheral insulin resistance predicts liver damage in nondiabetic subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Rosso, C., Mezzabotta, L., Gaggini, M., Salomone, F., Gambino, R., Marengo, A., Saba, F., Vanni, E., Younes, R., Saponaro, C., et al. (2015) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.28287 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Post-load insulin resistance is an independent predictor of hepatic fibrosis in virus C chronic hepatitis and in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Svegliati‐Baroni, G., Bugianesi, E., Bouserhal, T., Marini, F., Ridolfi, F., Tarsetti, F., Ancarani, F., Petrelli, E., Peruzzi, E., Cascio, M. L., et al. (2007) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2006.107946 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Methods for quantifying adipose tissue insulin resistance in overweight/obese humans

Horst, K. W. T., van Galen, K. A., Gilijamse, P. W., Hartstra, A., de Groot, P. D., van der Valk, F. M., Ackermans, M., Nieuwdorp, M., Romijn, J., & Serlie, M. (2017) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.110 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

β Cell function and plasma insulin clearance in people with obesity and different glycemic status

Mittendorfer, B., Patterson, B. W., Smith, G. I., Yoshino, M., & Klein, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci154068 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

The hyperinsulinaemic‒euglycaemic glucose clamp: reproducibility and metabolic effects of prolonged insulin infusion in healthy subjects

Soop, M., Nygren, J., Brismar, K., Thorell, A., & Ljungqvist, O. H. (2000) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0980367 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

A novel surrogate index for hepatic insulin resistance

the EGIR-RISC Study Group, Vangipurapu, J., Stančáková, A., Kuulasmaa, T., Paananen, J., Kuusisto, J., Ferrannini, E., & Laakso, M. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1966-7 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Insulin Resistance Distribution and Cut-Off Value in Koreans from the 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Yun, K.-J., Han, K., Kim, M. K., Park, Y., Baek, K., Song, K., & Kwon, H. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154593 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Quantification of Adipose Tissue Insulin Sensitivity

Søndergaard, E., & Jensen, M. D. (2016) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.1136/jim-2016-000098 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Metabolic characteristics of human subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissueafter overnight fast

Frayn, K. N., & Humphreys, S. M. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00527.2011 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Fasting and OGTT-derived Measures of Insulin Resistance as Compared With the Euglycemic-Hyperinsulinemic Clamp in Nondiabetic Finnish Offspring of Type 2 Diabetic Individuals

Lorenzo, C., Haffner, S. M., Stančáková, A., Kuusisto, J., & Laakso, M. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2299 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Precision and accuracy of blood glucose measurements using three different instruments

Nowotny, B., Nowotny, P., Straßburger, K., & Roden, M. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03406.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Revised QUICKI provides a strong surrogate estimate of insulin sensitivity when compared with the minimal model

Brady, L. M., Gower, B. A., Lovegrove, S. S., Williams, C. M., & Lovegrove, J. A. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802547 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Muscle and Liver Insulin Resistance Indexes Derived From the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Bastard, J., Faraj, M., Karelis, A. D., Lavasseur, J., Garrel, D. R., Prud’homme, D., & RABASA-LHORET, R. P. R. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-0622 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Adipose tissue insulin resistance is longitudinally associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, circulating lipids, and dysglycemia: the PROMISE cohort

Semnani-Azad, Z., Connelly, P. W., Bazinet, R. P., Retnakaran, R., Jenkins, D. J. A., Harris, S. B., Zinman, B., & Hanley, A. J. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-1918 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Validation of a novel index to assess insulin resistance of adipose tissue lipolytic activity in obese subjects

Fabbrini, E., Magkos, F., Conte, C., Mittendorfer, B., Patterson, B. W., Okunade, A. L., & Klein, S. (2011) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.d020321 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Comparison of Insulin Sensitivity Measures in South Asians

Trikudanathan, S., Raji, A., Chamarthi, B., Seely, E., & Simonson, D. (2013) · Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.05.016 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

The Physiology of Insulin Clearance

Bergman, R. N., Kabir, M., & Ader, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23031826 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Distribution and binding of insulin in the dog hindlimb

Sönksen, P., McCormick, Egdahl, R. H., & Soeldner, J. S. (1971) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.221.6.1672 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Multi-year reproducibility of hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp-derived insulin sensitivity in free-living adults: association with incident prediabetes in the pop-abc study

James, D., Umekwe, N., Edeoga, C., Nyenwe, E., & Dagogo-Jack, S. (2020) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154263 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

IVGTT glucose minimal model covariate selection by nonlinear mixed-effects approach

Denti, P., Bertoldo, A., Vicini, P., & Cobelli, C. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00656.2009 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Variable reliability of surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

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An Analysis of How to Measure Glucose during Glucose Clamps: Are Glucose Meters Ready for Research?

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Serum Uric Acid Is Associated with Insulin Resistance in Non-Diabetic Subjects

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PNPLA3 gene variation modulates diet-induced improvement in liver lipid content in type 2 diabetes

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High-Intensity Interval Training Decreases Circulating HMGB1 in Individuals with Insulin Resistance: Plasma Lipidomics Correlate with Associated Cardiometabolic Benefits

Bravo, G. M., Paramasivam, P., Bellissimo, G. F., Jacquez, Q., Zheng, H., Amorim, F. T., Kovell, L. C., & Mota, R. I. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/fbl31396 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

High triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio predicts poor prognosis in new-onset heart failure: a retrospective study

Weng, J., Dong, W., Liao, R., Zheng, Y., Fang, X., You, J., Wang, Z., Zuo, Y., Chen, X., & Peng, X. (2025) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-025-04706-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Association between triglyceride-glucose index and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Luo, H., Yang, Q., Xu, H., Wu, S., Wang, W., Zhou, R., Yang, Y., & Yu, Q. (2025) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-4292-2023-0493 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Markers of Hepatic Insulin Clearance and Their Association With Steatosis in Hyperinsulinaemic Horses

Dosi, M., Scott, L. J., Payne, H., Poldy, J., Keen, J., McGorum, B. C., Malbon, A. J., & Morgan, R. (2025) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.70143 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

HOMA-AD, inflammation, and adipose tissue dysfunction as key drivers of immunometabolic risk in people living with HIV and type 2 diabetes

Anaya-Ambriz, E. J., Holguín-Aguirre, T. E., Méndez-Ríos, P. C., Álvarez-Zavala, M., González-Hernández, L. A., Andrade-Villanueva, J. F., Martínez-Ayala, P., Cabrera-Silva, R. I., & Sánchez-Reyes, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1669148 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Exploring Insulin Resistance in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: The Role of the Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate and the Triglyceride Glucose Index

Angelino, S., Monda, A., Martino, N. D., Caruso, P., Longo, M., Maio, A., Barrasso, M., Scappaticcio, L., Bellastella, G., Giugliano, D., et al. (2025) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.70100 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Association of insulin resistance-related indicators with cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease mortality in individuals with MASLD: a population-based study

Yang, X., & Peng, W. J. (2026) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/20420188261435033 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Bariatric Surgery Alters the Postprandial Recovery From Hypoglycemia, Mediated by Cholinergic Signal

Salehi, M., Tripathy, D., Peterson, R. E., Honka, H., Pezzica, S., DeFronzo, R. A., & Gastaldelli, A. (2023) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db23-0207 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Triglyceride-glucose index demonstrates reasonable performance as a screening tool but exhibits limited diagnostic utility for insulin resistance: Data from the ELSA-Brasil cohort

Oliveira, P. W. C., Mill, J. G., Santos, I. S., Lotufo, P. A., Molina, M. D. C., Mendes, F. D., dos Santos, H. C., & de Faria, C. P. (2024) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2024.01.016 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Relationship between preoperative high triglyceride-glucose index and myocardial injury following non-cardiac surgery in advanced-age patients: a retrospective cohort study

Yao, S., Zhang, K., Yang, Y., Li, Z., Liu, C., Meng, B., Sha, X., Zhang, X., Lou, J., Fu, Q., et al. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01348-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Association between the triglyceride-glucose index and the severity of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: a retrospective study

Li, J., Li, Z., & Yang, Q. (2024) · Acta Cardiologica · doi:10.1080/00015385.2024.2413737 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Relationships of triglyceride-glucose-related indices with colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in an American population: a dose-response meta-analysis and cohort study

Luo, L. F., Liu, Z., Gan, Q., Feng, J., Wang, L., & Ouyang, W. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02574-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Obesity alters adipose tissue response to fasting and refeeding in women: A study on lipolytic and endocrine dynamics and acute insulin resistance

Rossmeislová, L., Krauzová, E., Koc, M., Wilhelm, M., Šebo, V., Varaliová, Z., Šrámková, V., Schouten, M., Šedivý, P., Tůma, P., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37875 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

The triglyceride glucose index and delirium risk in sepsis patients: A causal inference study

Li, X., Yang, J., Tang, Y., Liang, X., Bai, Z., Cheng, H., Wang, Y., & Lyu, J. (2025) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/nicc.13287 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Triglyceride-glucose index and triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in predicting severity of acute pancreatitis: a cross-sectional clinical study

Wang, Y., Yu, Z., Yu, L., & Li, C. (2025) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-025-03793-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

The triglyceride glucose-body mass index predicts adverse reproductive outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing frozen embryo transfer

Ding, Z., Liao, K., Liang, K., Zhang, S., Pei, Z., Zhang, F., Zhou, L., & Xu, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1629837 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Age-related insulin resistance changes in children and adolescents and its impact on the accuracy of diagnosis of metabolic syndrome

Kim, I., Lee, K., Sung, J., Ahn, Y. J., Im, M., Han, K., & Cho, S. Y. (2025) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2448180.090 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Lipidomic profiling unveils sex differences in diabetes risk: Implications for precision medicine

Pina, A. F., Meneses, M. J., Carli, F., Patrício, B., Ribeiro, R. T., Patarrão, R. S., Gardete-Correia, L., Duarte, R., Boavida, J. M., Raposo, J. F., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.70137 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Clusters of adipose tissue dysfunction in adults with type 2 diabetes identify those with worse lipidomic profile despite similar glycaemic control

Pepa, G. D., Carli, F., Sabatini, S., Pezzica, S., Russo, M., Vitale, M., Masulli, M., Riccardi, G., Rivellese, A. A., Vaccaro, O., et al. (2024) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3798 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Predictive Effect of Alternative Insulin Resistance Indexes on Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome with Heart Failure

Xie, Q., Liu, C., Liu, F., Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., An, X., Yang, Y., & Li, X. (2024) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s457598 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Association between metabolic score for insulin resistance and prevalence of sarcopenia in US adults: A study based on NHANES 2011 to 2018

Liu, H., Li, Y., Deng, Y., Liang, Z., Feng, S., & Fu, M. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041863 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Association of insulin resistance indices with kidney stones and their recurrence in a non-diabetic population: an analysis based on NHANES data from 2007–2018

Yang, Y., Xiang, J.-C., Ye, G.-C., Luo, K.-D., Wang, S., & Xia, Q. (2025) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2025.2490203 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Association Between Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Waist-To-Hip Ratio with Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy in the Chinese Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

Wang, Y., Miao, Y., & Wan, Q. (2024) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.1080/07435800.2024.2364719 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Prenatal stress induces sex- and tissue-specific alterations in insulin pathway of Wistar rats offspring

Mentzinger, J., Teixeira, G. F., Monnerat, J. A. D. S., Velasco, L. L., Lucchetti, B. B., Martins, M., Costa, V., de Andrade, G. P., Magliano, D. C., Rocha, H. N. M., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00243.2024 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Association of Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretion Indices and Glucose Metrics From Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People With Obesity.

Belfort-DeAguiar, R., Yeckel, C., Elshafie, A., Comarella, A. P., & Hwang, J. J. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-1395 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Enhanced oral glucose tolerance test for early detection of insulin resistance and metabolic complications in children with obesity

Grošelj, U., Kafol, J., Šikonja, J., Mlinarič, M., Šket, R., Remec, Ž. I., Kovač, J., Torkar, A. D., Omladič, J. Š., Lampret, B. R., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2025.101016 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Muscle Ultrasound

Soliman, S. B., Chugh, O. K., Leuteneker, J. E., Tuska, B., Ye, W., Zhang, T., Rode, T., Howton, S. M., Buras, E. D., & Horowitz, J. F. (2025) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.1002/jum.16741 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Development of machine learning predictive model for type 2 diabetic retinopathy using the triglyceride-glucose index explained by SHAP method

Liu, X., Wu, S., Yang, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, R., Qin, L., & Li, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1631647 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Diverse Strategies for Modulating Insulin Resistance: Causal or Consequential Inference on Metabolic Parameters in Treatment-Naïve Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes

Kutoh, E., Kuto, A. N., Okada, R., Akiyama, M., & Kurihara, R. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60060991 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Triglyceride index as a predictor of mortality after cardiac surgery

Li, H., Xiao, F., Ren, H., Xu, F., Che, H., Zhu, H., Zhou, C., & Wang, S. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.111107 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Index: A Simple, Accurate Method for Assessing Insulin Resistance in South Asians

Fosam, A. E., Bansal, R., Ramanathan, A. L., Sarcone, C., Iyer, I., Murthy, M., Remaley, A. T., & Muniyappa, R. (2022) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvac189 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Glucose intolerance in acromegaly is driven by low insulin secretion; results from an intravenous glucose tolerance test

Zaifu, L., Niculescu, D., Kremer, A. E., Caragheorgheopol, A., Sava, M., Iordachescu, C. N., Dușceac, R., Burcea, I. F., & Poiană, C. (2024) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-024-01386-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Muscle and Liver Insulin Resistance Indexes Derived From the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Bastard, J., Faraj, M., Karelis, A. D., Lavasseur, J., Garrel, D. R., Prud’homme, D., & RABASA-LHORET, R. P. R. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-0622 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

The biochemical assessment of insulin resistance

Borai, A., Livingstone, C., & Ferns, G. (2007) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1258/000456307780945778 · Cited by 185 · see citing works

Assessment of tissue-targeted insulin resistance and its clinical applications

Bai, J.-F., & Hu, Y. (2011) · Intern J Endocrinol Metab · doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4157.2011.05.005

How can we measure insulin sensitivity/resistance?

Antuna-Puente, B., Disse, E., RABASA-LHORET, R. P. R., Laville, M., Capeau, J., & Bastard, J. (2011) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2011.01.002 · Cited by 253 · see citing works

E-00645-2007.R1 Current Approaches for Assessing Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance In Vivo: advantages, limitations, and appropriate usage

Lee, S., Chen, H., Quon, M. J., Quon, M. J., & Ph., D. (2013)