Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes: Pathophysiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Relevance

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Can clinical factors estimate insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes?

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The role of mitochondria in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus

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Glycaemic variability in diabetes: clinical and therapeutic implications

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Insulin resistance is a cellular antioxidant defense mechanism

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Differential Effects of Interleukin-6 and -10 on Skeletal Muscle and Liver Insulin Action In Vivo

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Interleukin-6 and Diabetes

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Glucose regulation of the autoantigen GAD65 in human pancreatic islets

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Relative Pancreas Volume Is Reduced in First-Degree Relatives of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

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Too Much Glucagon, Too Little Insulin

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Metformin Improves Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes

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Deficiencies of Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Models for Type 1 Diabetes

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Defective suppression by insulin of leucine-carbon appearance and oxidation in type 1, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Evidence for insulin resistance involving glucose and amino acid metabolism.

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Delayed Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial ADP Recovery in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Relates to Muscle Insulin Resistance

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Non-insulin drugs to treat hyperglycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus

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Dependence of Antigen Expression on Functional State of β-Cells

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Clinical and Safety Outcomes With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 1 Diabetes: A Real-World Study

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Evidence for Accelerated Rates of Glutathione Utilization and Glutathione Depletion in Adolescents With Poorly Controlled Type 1 Diabetes

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Association of fasting glucagon and proinsulin concentrations with insulin resistance

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Effects of Short-Term Improvement of Insulin Treatment and Glycemia on Hepatic Glycogen Metabolism in Type 1 Diabetes

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Insulin-Mediated Glucose Disposal in Type I Diabetes: Evidence for Insulin Resistance

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Hepatic Glycogen Metabolism in Type 1 Diabetes After Long-Term Near Normoglycemia

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RIPK3 deficiency ameliorates diabetic sarcopenia through proteostasis regulation by suppressing inflammatory signaling and cellular stress pathways

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Heterogeneity in clinically diagnosed type 1 diabetes: characterising a unique cohort with maintained C-peptide secretion in Ghana

Aniagyei, W., Sarfo‐Kantanka, O., Mohayideen, S., Vivekanandan, M. M., Adankwah, E., Asibey, S. O., Boateng, A. O., Owusu, E., Arthur, J. F., Yeboah, A., et al. (2025) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-025-06576-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

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Panja, A., Manna, S., Chatterjee, M., Ghosh, T., Bid, S., & Choudhury, S. M. (2025) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-025-04369-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works

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Efficacy and Safety of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, and Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors as Adjunctive Therapy to Automated Insulin Delivery System in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Zhou, Y., LEI, M., Lin, Q., NI, Y., Lin, Z., Yang, D., Wang, C., Xu, W., & Yan, J. (2026) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/15209156261420209 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

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Chauhan, R., Solanki, R., Saiyed, M., Saboo, B., & Shah, K. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-01660-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Anthropometry-adjusted TyG indices improve insulin resistance estimation: an exploratory euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp study in Japanese adults without diabetes

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Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets in Type 1 Diabetes: Efficacy and Safety Concerns

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Assessment of the Association Between Cardiac Metabolic Markers and Carotid Atherosclerosis, and the Role of Insulin Resistance

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Molecular cross-talk via extracellular vesicles for the characterization of young subjects with type 1 diabetes unravels new potential markers of insulin resistance and double diabetes

Cufaro, M. C., Cicalini, I., Guidone, P., Lanuti, P., D’Ascanio, F., Saltarelli, M. A., Sacrini, L., Piro, A., Bellis, D. D., Carlo, G. D., et al. (2025) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-025-02042-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Adiponectin, leptin, and novel adipokines (resistin, visfatin, omentin) as biomarkers of metabolic and immune dysregulation in type 1 diabetes

Chyad, A. R. M. (2025) · Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems · doi:10.15421/0225210 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Continuous glucose monitoring metrics based clustering in people living with type 1 diabetes identifies phenotypes associated with higher inflammation, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease risk, and lower insulin sensitivity

Fedulovs, A., Paramonova, N., Pahirko, L., Riekstiņa, U., Jēkabsons, K., & Sokolovska, J. (2026) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-026-02191-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) systems for the upregulation of endogenous genes involved in pancreatic beta-cell regeneration and insulin sensitivity: a novel approach for type 2 diabetes treatment

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Phase angle and triglyceride-glucose index as biomarkers of glycemic control, body composition and cardiovascular risk in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

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Salivary hormones and adipokines are associated with glycemic control and early renal and cardiometabolic markers in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes

Robino, A., Tornese, G., Aldegheri, L., Franceschi, R., Mozzillo, E., Candia, F. D., Morosini, C., Zanfardino, A., Delvecchio, M., Bombaci, B., et al. (2026) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-026-03038-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Insulin resistance in the 21st century: new takes on an old problem—2025 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum

Gastaldelli, A., Choi, E., Conde‐Knape, K., Göransson, O., Krook, A., Lehtonen, S. H., Roden, M., Schrauwen, P., Sparks, L. M., & Heni, M. (2026) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-026-06853-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes: is there a role for vitamin D? A systematic review of the evidence

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The Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Risk of Incident Diabetic Vascular Complications Among Adults with Diabetes: A Prospective StudyPreprint

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Relationship between dietary acid-base load and non-insulin-based resistance measures in patients with chronic kidney disease

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Case Report: Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus: the role of genetic factors

Wei, J., Lu, S., & Zhang, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1656453

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Takoukam, C. T., Tchamadeu, M. C., Ateba, S. B., Nana, W. Y., Nzekuie, Q. S., Fotso, A.-K. P., Hassimatou, A., Bogning, C. Z., Owona, P. E., Wankeu‐Nya, M., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0334166

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Comparative Glycemic Effectiveness of Long- and Rapid-Acting Insulin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Sutrisno, E., Kaniawati, M., Maharani, I., & Sodik, J. J. (2025) · Sciences of Pharmacy · doi:10.58920/sciphar0404502

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Li, W., Gao, K., Zhang, H., Xia, W., Balajiang, B., Wang, H., & Tong, X. (2026) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-026-05766-0

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Nicht nur Insulinmangel – auch Insulinresistenz!

Oberhofer, E. (2026) · Info Diabetologie · doi:10.1007/s15034-026-5268-7

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Effects of probiotic supplementation on glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Su, Y., Sun, M., Huang, Q., Xu, L., Zhao, C., Xu, F., Tao, N., & Yang, Y. (2026) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605261443077

Emerging therapies for type 1 diabetes: Immunotherapy and gene editing advances

Zhao, M., & Yao, Z. (2026) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605261440833

Elevated liver fat content is independently associated with insulin resistance in people with type 1 diabetes

Mertens, J., Spinhoven, M. J., Braspenning, R., Vanhevel, F., Dirinck, E. L., Block, C. E. M. D., & Francque, S. (2026) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2026.101887

Stages of Type 1 Diabetes and New Interventions (Teplizumab)

Pinheiro, M. M. (2026) · Contemporary Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-17036-1_3

Molecular Mechanisms of Herbal Drugs in Modulating Insulin Resistance: Focus on AMPK, PPARs, and mTOR Pathways

Goswami, P., Mathur, G., Sharma, S., Gautam, D., Swain, K., & Pattnaik, S. (2026) · Current Pharmacology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40495-026-00463-0

Beyond Insulin

Ni, H., SNAITH, J. R., & Greenfield, J. R. (2026) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2026.04.001

Metrnl in diabetes and its complications: divergent evidence and translational prospects

Zhang, S., Tang, J., Liu, G., Meng, B., Hu, K., Zhou, Y., Yang, X., Tang, Q., Liu, Y., & Yue, L. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-026-08253-4

The role of epigenetic signatures in type 2 diabetes: therapeutic advances and lifestyle interventions

Devi, L., Tiwari, P., & Dada, R. (2026) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-026-02680-x

Beyond Glycemia in T1D

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CD36 exacerbates obesity-related vascular damage by promoting ER stress and endothelial insulin signaling impairment

Xu, Q., Gu, Y., Zhuo, K., Sun, Y., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhen, Y., Li, R., Zhang, L., Yao, Y., et al. (2026) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2026.112643

Associations of C‐Reactive Protein–Triglyceride–Glucose Index With the Incidence and Progression of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity in Middle‐Aged and Older Chinese Individuals: A Prospective Cohort Study From CHARLS

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Identification of Different Age-at-Diagnosis-Based Endotypes and Clinical Phenotypes in a Cohort of Adult Patients Diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes

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Development and validation of a cross-sectional risk screening nomogram for carotid plaque based on routine health examination data and the triglyceride-glucose-waist-to-hip ratio

Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Song, H., Hu, Q., & Nan, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1881365

The association between estimated glucose disposal rate and self-reported diabetic retinopathy: evidence from two independent cohorts and machine learning

Yuan, C., Hao, Y., Wang, J., Wang, C., & Jiang, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1853329

The Potential Roles of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents to Modulate Mitochondrial Function in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review

Cheng, S.-A., & Lim, J. H. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16071135

Mechanistic Insights into Diabetic Neuropathy: Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Injury, and Translational Therapeutics

Mir, M. A., Nabi, S. U., Mir, R. A., Ali, S. I., Noorani, I. A., Muzzaffar, S., & Khurshid, I. (2026) · SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s42399-026-02547-w

Prenatal Origin of Childhood Overweight, Obesity and Insulin Resistance, with Special Emphasis on Maternal Diabetes, Excessive Weight, Nutrition and Hormone Imbalances

Ornoy, A., Echefu, B. E., & Becker, M. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18142330

What Makes the Difference? Predicting Glycemic Trajectories Following Initiation of Automated Insulin Delivery Systems in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes

HOOVEN-DAVIS, J. T., Lalama, C. M., SYER, S. A., Rothenberger, S. D., Libman, I. M., & March, C. A. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-0634

Serum vs. exosomal miRNA signatures in South Asian adults with prediabetes: implications for T2DM risk prediction

Mendonca, A., Kumar, J. S., & Sujatha, S. (2026) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113443

GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 1 diabetes: expanding the therapeutic landscape beyond insulin

Dimitriadis, G., & Lambadiari, V. (2026) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2026.101782

Itaconate delays type 2 diabetes progression by alkylating RIPK3 to inhibit pancreatic β‑cell failurePreprint

Ma, X., Wu, J., Gu, X., Liu, W., Tian, M., Chen, J., He, Z., Zhang, J., Yang, C., Yang, M., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10537918/v1

SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 1 Diabetes: The Metabolic Perspective

Hamidi, V., & Mudaliar, S. (2026) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2026_825

Beyond HbA1c: insulin resistance as a modifier of early vascular injury in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Yoon, J., Kim, J., Park, S., & Kim, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1938241

The Emerging Potential of Diabetes Technology to Improve Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: A Narrative Review

Garmpi, A., Lambadiari, V., & Koliaki, C. C. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14091986

Comparative predictive value of the frailty index combined with non–insulin-based insulin resistance indicators for cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity risk: a large nationwide prospective cohort study

Tan, M., & Jiang, Z.-N. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-026-02067-3

Impact of diabetic peripheral neuropathy on skeletal muscle microvascular function: A blood oxygen level dependent magnetic resonance imaging study

Larsen, R. G., Croosu, S. S., Røikjer, J., Hansen, R., Mark, E. B., Hansen, T. M., Mørch, C. D., Ejskjær, N., & Frøkjær, J. B. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2026.109414

Oral Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PB01 Supplementation Enhances Early Wound Closure in Diabetic Rats

Hemmati, S., Ulanowska, M., Alipour, H., Porsborg, S. R., Zachar, V., & Dardmeh, F. (2026) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-026-11190-9

Green and Efficient Extraction of Puerarin‐Enriched Extracts From Pueraria lobata via Subcritical Ethanol‐Water for Multi‐Target Antidiabetic Effects

Zhou, X., Chen, H., Xue, C., Sun, J., Ma, Y., Ma, X., Wu, C., Shi, J., Chen, W., Qian, H., et al. (2026) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.70603

Shared non-HLA genetic architecture across diverse ancestries links insulin secretion and resistance to type 1 diabetes

Fu, Q., Wang, K., Shen, M., Shen, S., Dai, J., Yi, X., Qian, Y., Duan, W., Zhang, J., Jiang, L., et al. (2026) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-026-06865-5

Tirzepatide Failed to Improve Neuropathy in a Murine Nonobese Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Model, Despite Alleviating Systemic Inflammation

Andreeva-Gateva, P. A., Hristov, M., Nikolova, D. N., Bogdanov, I., Sabit, Z., & Dimova, I. I. (2026) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology7100190

Diagnostic value of anthropometric and biochemical markers of adiposopathy in latent autoimmune diabetes in youth

Tsaryk, I., Pashkovska, N. V., & Pankiv, V. І. (2026) · CHILD`S HEALTH · doi:10.22141/2224-0551.21.6.2026.1973

Network Pharmacology-Assisted Multi-Omics Analysis of Gut Microbiota–Host Metabolic Remodeling and Hepatic HPD/GSTM3-Associated Redox Responses Following Shanqijing Treatment in STZ-Induced Diabetic Mice

Kong, X., Ren, H., He, J., Pei, K., Zhang, H., Liu, H., Song, Z., Liu, Y., Wei, Z., Chen, Y., et al. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph19101602

Association between dental pulp necroptosis-related signaling and elodont incisor growth retardation in hyperglycemic rats

Kim, M.-K., Amara, H. B., Thomsen, P., Asa’ad, F., & Park, C. H. (2026) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2026.10.027

Association Between the GMI/HbA1c Ratio and Microvascular Complications in Type 1 Diabetes: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

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Decoding inflammation to target hybrid diabetes phenotypes

Rossi, G., Terranegra, A., Lunati, M. E., Pastore, I., CANOVA, L. P., Bucciarelli, L. G., Cimino, V., Loretelli, C., Nasr, M. B., Fiorina, P., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1922969

Temporal Trends and Regional Variability of the Triglyceride–Glucose Index in Adults: A Nationwide Analysis from Peru

Ricardo, Y. R. (2026) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202620260225

A Comprehensive Review on Scaffolds and Cell Lines Used in Diabetes Therapy

Nematolazade, M., Safaei, M., Abpeikar, Z., Rezaei‐Tazangi, F., & Mahmoodi, S. (2026) · Journal of Polymers and the Environment · doi:10.1007/s10924-026-03995-0

Metabolic and Body-Composition Features Associated with Insulin Resistance in Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Case-Control Study and Association with Diabetic Retinopathy

Yazidi, M., Mekaouer, S., Azzouz, E., Rekaya, Z., Oueslati, I., Taieb, S. H., Mizouni, H., Feki, M., & Chihaoui, M. (2026) · Clinical & Translational Metabolism · doi:10.1007/s12018-026-09344-y

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