Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stable-isotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results
Open accessAbstract
To minimize confusion in the expression of measurement results of stable isotope and gas-ratio measurements, recommendations based on publications of the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are presented. Whenever feasible, entries are consistent with the Système International d'Unités, the SI (known in English as the International System of Units), and the third edition of the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM, 3rd edition). The recommendations presented herein are approved by the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights and are designed to clarify expression of quantities related to measurement of isotope and gas ratios to ensure that quantity equations instead of numerical value equations are used for quantity definitions. Examples of column headings consistent with quantity calculus (also called the algebra of quantities) and examples of various deprecated usages connected with the terms recommended are presented.
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- Premisecitation
If kinetic isotope effect is used to describe a cascade of reaction steps instead of an elementary chemical reaction, the value will be affected by all processes leading up to and including the first irreversible step.
“If kinetic isotope effect is used to describe a cascade of reaction steps instead of an elementary chemical reaction (e.g., in enzyme reactions or environmental processes), the value will be affected by all processes leading up to and including the first irreversible step.[22]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] 22. D. B. Northrop. The expression of isotope effects on enzyme- catalyzed reactions. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1981, 50, 103. source
- Premisecitation
For tracer studies and isotope balances at isotope tracer levels greater than natural abundance, R or d yield increasingly incorrect mass or amount-of-substance balance with increasing x, whereas atom fraction, isotope-number fraction, or 'iE give accurate results.
“For tracer studies and isotope balances at isotope tracer levels greater than those of natural abundance, either of the quantities atom fraction, isotope-number fraction, or ' i E give accurate results as opposed to the quantities R( i E) or d i E, which yield increasingly incorrect mass or amount-of-substance balance with increasing values of x( i E). [12,13,18]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
- cites [13] 13. M. T. J. Milton, R. I. Wielgosz. Use of the international sys- tem of units (SI) in isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 16, 2201. source
- cites [18] 18. T. N. Corso, J. T. Brenna. High-precision position-specificiso- tope analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94, 1049. source
- Premisecitation
The two versions of APE equations yield substantially different values for Cl, B, and Li isotopic measurements.
“For example, the two versions of APE equations yield substantially different values for Cl, B, and Li isotopic measurements.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
- Premisecitation
Delta over baseline yields increasingly incorrect mass-balance results with increasing values of d.
“For tracer studies and isotope-mass balances at isotope tracer levels greater than those of natural abundance, the use of the isotope-amount fraction, x( i E) P/std , yields accurate results and is preferred to delta over baseline, which yields increasingly incorrect mass-balance results with increasing values of d i E P .[12,13]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
- cites [13] 13. M. T. J. Milton, R. I. Wielgosz. Use of the international sys- tem of units (SI) in isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 16, 2201. source
- Interpretationnone given
The numerical value of d(B1/B2) will be different when the quantity is defined with mass ratios, mole ratios, or volume ratios.
“the numerical value will be different when the quantity is defined with mass ratios, mole ratios, or volume ratios.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Interpretationreasoning
Because gases usually are not ideal, d(O2/N2) and dV(O2/N2) are not numerically identical.
“Because gases usually are not ideal, d(O 2 /N 2 ) and d V (O 2 /N 2 ) are not numerically identical.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 67
- May combine two claims. 22
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenA negative value of e_kin(iE)P/Q indicates that product P is enriched in light isotope jE and the underlying isotope effect is normal.
“A negative value of e kin ( i E) P/Q indicates that product P is enriched in light isotope j E and the underlying isotope effect is normal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe kinetic isotopic fractionation factor differs from a kinetic isotope effect in that kinetic isotope effects are position-specific, whereas isotopic fractionation factors are derived from isotope ratios of reacting molecules and express average effects.
“This kinetic isotopic fractionation factor differs from a kinetic isotope effect in that kinetic isotope effects are position-specific, whereas isotopic fractionation factors are derived from isotope ratios of reacting molecules and express average effects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe equilibrium isotopic fractionation factor is exactly the inverse of the equilibrium isotope effect when the reaction is written in the same direction.
“The equilibrium isotopic fractionation factor is exactly the inverse of the equilibrium isotope effect when the reaction is written in the same direction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn evaluating isotope ratios, IUPAC's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights includes system linearity, baseline correction, isobaric interferences, instrumental fractionation, and sample preparation in its determination of K-factors, where r is the published isotope-amount ratio.
“In evaluating isotope ratios, IUPAC's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights includes system linearity, baseline correction, isobaric interferences, instrumental fractionation, and sample preparation in its determination of K-factors, where r is the published isotope-amount ratio.[25]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] 25. M. E. Wieser, M. Berglund. Atomic weights of the elements 2007 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2009, 81, 2131. DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-09-08-03. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationThe factors of 1000, 10000, and 1000000 are extraneous numerical factors and none of them should appear in any equation used to define Δ i E to ensure that the equation is coherent.
“The factors of 1000, 10000, and 1000000 are extraneous numerical factors and none of them should appear in any equation used to define Δ i E to ensure that the equation is coherent.[4]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe isotopic fractionation is a dimensionless quantity (SI unit 1) and because values of e commonly are small, they regularly are expressed with the symbol %, which is 10^-3.
“The isotopic fractionation is a dimensionless quantity (SI unit 1) and because values of e commonly are small, they regularly are expressed with the symbol %, which is 10 À3 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe symbol ppm may be replaced by mmol/mol for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, the kind of quantity being amount of substance; for example, it may be used with mole fraction, isotope-amount fraction, isotopeamount ratio, and isotopic abundance.
“The symbol ppm may be replaced by mmol/mol for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, the kind of quantity being amount of substance; for example, it may be used with mole fraction, isotope-amount fraction, isotopeamount ratio, and isotopic abundance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenIsotope-amount ratio is a dimensionless quantity, and the units of mmol/mol and mmol/mol (and similar units) are permissible.
“Isotope-amount ratio is a dimensionless quantity, and the units of mmol/mol and mmol/mol (and similar units) are permissible.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe unit part per million is not an SI unit, but it commonly is used.
“The unit part per million is not an SI unit, but it commonly is used.[4]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe isotopic fractionation factor (and e) can be used to describe several different concepts: two or more phases in chemical and isotopic equilibrium, reactants and products of non-reversible reactions, or the measured distributions of isotopes in poorly understood complex systems; despite the same name, these quantities have fundamentally different meanings, with the first two assumed invariant,
“The isotopic fractionation factor (and the related isotopic fractionation, e) is therefore a term that can be used to describe several different concepts: two or more phases in chemical and isotopic equilibrium, reactants and products of non-reversible reactions, or the measured distributions of isotopes in poorly understood complex systems.Despite the same name, these quantities have fundament”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe number fraction is numerically equal to the mole fraction.
“The number fraction is numerically equal to the mole fraction: the amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents in the mixture.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe symbol % may be replaced by mg/g for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, where the kind of quantity is mass.
“T h es y m b o l% may be replaced by mg/g, for example, for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, where the kind of quantity is mass.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe choice of uppercase X for the number fraction is in agreement with the German standard.
“The choice of uppercase X for the number fraction is in agreement with the German standard.[23,24]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [23] 23. T. Cvitaš. Quantities describing compositions of mixtures. Metrologia 1996, 33, 35. source
- cites [24] 24. German standard, DIN 1310, Zusammmensetzung von Mischphasen, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationHow mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.
“How mass-independent effects are defined and expressed for elements is a matter of active discussion and investigation.[33]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] 33. S. S. Assonov, P. A. de Groot. A review on Δ 17 O determina- tion methods, in Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Tech- niques, vol II. Elsevier Science, 2008, pp. 589-618. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationTaking into account non-reacting positions and intramolecular competition, it is possible to estimate kinetic isotope effects from kinetic isotopic fractionation factors.
“Taking into account non-reacting positions and intramolecular competition, it is possible to estimate kinetic isotope effects from kinetic isotopic fractionation factors.[21]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] 21. M. Elsner, L. Zwank, D. Hunkeler, R. P. Schwarzenbach. A new concept linking observable stable isotope fraction- ation to transformation pathways of organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 6896. DOI: 10.1021/ es0504587. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone givenQuantities of the same kind within a given system of quantities have the same quantity dimension.
“Quantities of the same kind within a given system of quantities have the same quantity dimension.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe symbol ppm may be replaced by mg/g for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, where the kind of quantity is mass.
“The symbol ppm may be replaced by mg/g for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, where the kind of quantity is mass.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenWhen the specified entity is an isotope of an element, the number fraction is the isotope-number fraction or the stable isotope-number fraction, and this microscopic (atomic) quantity is equal to the macroscopic quantities atom fraction and isotopic abundance.
“When the specified entity is an isotope of an element, the number fraction is the isotope-number fraction or the stable isotope-number fraction, and this microscopic (atomic) quantity is equal to the macroscopic quantities atom fraction and isotopic abundance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe atomic quantity isotope-number fraction X(iE)P is equal to the corresponding macroscopic quantity isotope-amount fraction x(iE)P.
“The atomic quantity isotope-number fraction, X( i E) P , is equal to the corresponding macroscopic quantity isotope-amount fraction, x( i E) P .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenA positive value of e_kin(iE)P/Q indicates that product P is enriched in heavy isotope iE and the isotope effect is inverse.
“A positive value of e kin ( i E) P/Q indicates that the product P is enriched in the heavy isotope i E and the isotope effect is inverse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe quantity Δ i E P/Q is not proportional to isotope-amount fraction.
“This quantity is not proportional to isotopeamount fraction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe isotope ratio R and the isotope-amount ratio r are both quantities of dimension 1, but they are not the same kind of quantity.
“For example, the isotope ratio, R, and the isotope-amount ratio, r, are both quantities of dimension 1, but they are not the same kind of quantity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone givenThe majority of the isotopic variations observed in stable isotope amounts of elements with more than two stable isotopes in terrestrial materials are approximately linearly correlated with differences in isotope masses.
“The majority of the isotopic variations observed in stable isotope amounts of elements with more than two stable isotopes in terrestrial materials are approximately linearly correlated with differences in isotope masses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe atom fraction (isotope-amount fraction) is linearly correlated to mixing fraction, whereas delta is not.
“Use of atom fraction is preferred over use of delta values for tracer and mixing calculations because x( i E) P is linearly correlated to mixing fraction, whereas d is not.[12]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenMass-independent isotope effects can yield large values of Δ.
“Massindependent isotope effects can yield large values of Δ.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenWhen the specified entities are isotopes of an element, the microscopic (atomic) quantity number ratio is the isotope-number ratio, also termed the stable isotope ratio and isotope ratio, and it is numerically equal to the macroscopic quantity isotope-amount ratio.
“When the specified entities are isotopes of an element, the microscopic (atomic) quantity number ratio is the isotope-number ratio, also termed the stable isotope ratio and isotope ratio, and it is numerically equal to the macroscopic quantity isotope-amount ratio.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe quantity Δ i E P/Q should be defined by authors to avoid confusion because this symbol can also be used to express mass-independent isotopic variation and this quantity has been defined in different ways in the literature.
“The quantity Δ i E P/Q should be defined by authors to avoid confusion because this symbol can also be used to express mass-independent isotopic variation and this quantity has been defined in different ways in the literature.[26]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] 26. I. Friedman, J. R. O'Neil. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 440-KK, Data of Geochemistry, (6th edn.), 1977, chap. KK.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe microscopic (atomic) quantity N is related to the macroscopic quantity amount of substance n through the scaling factor N_A, the Avogadro constant.
“The microscopic (atomic) quantity N is related to the macroscopic quantity amount of substance, n, through the scaling factor N A , the Avogadro constant, [14] as shown in Fig. 1 and discussed in the section on isotope-amount fraction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. P. De Bièvre, S. Valkiers, P. D. P. Taylor. The importance of the Avogadro constant for amount-of-substance measure- ments. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1998, 361, 227. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2007.09.019. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe macroscopic quantity isotope-amount ratio r(iE/jE)P is equal to the corresponding atomic quantity isotope ratio R(iE/jE)P.
“The macroscopic quantity isotope-amount ratio, r( i E/ j E) P , is equal to the corresponding atomic quantity isotope ratio, R( i E/ j E) P , as shown by the relation:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenClassical isotope effects generally will produce d17/16O values that are about one half those of d18/16O values, d34/32S values that are about twice those of d33/32S values, and d36/32S values that are approximately four times those of d33/32S values.
“For example, classical isotope effects generally will produce d 17/16 O values that are about one half those of d 18/16 O values, d 34/32 S values that are about twice those of d 33/32 S values, and d 36/32 S values that are approximately four times those of d 33/32 S values.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenA reference material's delta value can be assigned a reference delta value that will have no uncertainty; however, its isotope ratios will have uncertainty values.
“A reference material's delta value can be assigned a reference delta value that will have no uncertainty; however, its isotope ratios will have uncertainty values.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIUPAC's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights regularly publishes a 'Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements' that provides evaluated isotopic abundance data.
“IUPAC's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights regularly publishes a 'Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements' that provides evaluated isotopic abundance data.[8]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] 8. M. Berglund, M. E. Wieser. Isotopic compositions of the ele- ments 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2011, 83, 397. DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-10-06-02. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe value of Δ i E P/Q is dependent upon the reference and can vary greatly depending upon the isotopic composition of the reference (e.g., for hydrogen isotopes).
“The value of Δ i E P/Q is dependent upon the reference and can vary greatly depending upon the isotopic composition of the reference (e.g., for hydrogen isotopes).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe symbol % may be replaced by mmol/mol for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, the kind of quantity being amount of substance; for example, it may be used with mole fraction, isotope-amount fraction, isotopeamount ratio, and isotopic abundance.
“The symbol % may be replaced by mmol/mol, for example, for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, the kind of quantity being amount of substance; for example, it may be used with mole fraction, isotope-amount fraction, isotopeamount ratio, and isotopic abundance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe isotopic fractionation factor is a dimensionless quantity (SI unit 1).
“The isotopic fractionation factor is a dimensionless quantity (SI unit 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationcitationThe AP equation contains extraneous factors 100 and 1000, both of which should be deleted from the equation so that it is a coherent quantity equation.
“This relation contains the extraneous factors 100 and 1000, both of which should be deleted from the equation so that it is a coherent quantity equation.[4,13]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [13] 13. M. T. J. Milton, R. I. Wielgosz. Use of the international sys- tem of units (SI) in isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 16, 2201. source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe equation e = 1000(a-1) is incorrect; the factor 1000 is extraneous and should be deleted to give a coherent equation.
“The quantity e P/Q has been defined in the literature as: e P=Q ¼ 1000 a P=Q À 1 À Á This equation is incorrect.The factor 1000 is an extraneous numerical factor and should be deleted to give a coherent equation.[4]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAPE is defined by two different relations (excess atom fraction and relative exceedance) that are not equivalent.
“APE is defined by two different relations (excess atom fraction and relative exceedance) that are not equivalent”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenReference materials with or without assigned isotope ratios or delta values can be used for measurement precision control, whereas only reference materials with assigned isotope ratios or delta values can be used for calibration or measurement trueness control.
“Reference materials with or without assigned isotope ratios or delta values can be used for measurement precision control, whereas only reference materials with assigned isotope ratios or delta values can be used for calibration or measurement trueness control.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe sum of the isotope-number fractions of all isotopes of an element is 1.
“The sum of the isotope-number fractions of all isotopes of an element is 1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe value of per meg and ppm are both 10^-6; therefore, ppm can be substituted for per meg.
“The value of per meg and ppm are both 10 À6 ; therefore, ppm can be substituted for per meg.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationNumber of entities is a dimensionless quantity and the kind of quantity is not the same as mass fraction or isotope-amount fraction even though they have the same dimension.
“Number of entities is a dimensionless quantity and the kind of quantity is not the same as mass fraction or isotope-amount fraction even though they have the same dimension.[5]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe number of entities N is a fundamental base quantity in any system of units, such as the SI, because it can be regarded as a base quantity in all systems of quantities.
“The number of entities, N, is a fundamental base quantity in any system of units, such as the SI, because it can be regarded as a base quantity in all systems of quantities.[4,5]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe symbol % may be replaced by cmol/mol for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, the kind of quantity being amount of substance; for example, it may be used for mole fraction, isotope-amount fraction, isotopeamount ratio, and isotopic abundance.
“The symbol % may be replaced by cmol/mol, e.g., for expressing the ratio of two quantities of the same kind, the kind of quantity being amount of substance; for example, it may be used for mole fraction, isotope-amount fraction, isotopeamount ratio, and isotopic abundance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisereasoningQuantities of the same dimension are not necessarily of the same kind.
“However, quantities of the same dimension are not necessarily of the same kind.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, sulfur, and mercury.
“Mass-independent isotopic fractionation has been observed for the elements oxygen, [32,33] sulfur, and mercury.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [32] 32. R. N. Clayton, L. Grossman, T. K. Mayeda. A component of primitive nuclear composition in carbonaceous meteorites. Science 1973, 182, 485. DOI: 10.1126/science.182.4111.485. source
- cites [33] 33. S. S. Assonov, P. A. de Groot. A review on Δ 17 O determina- tion methods, in Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Tech- niques, vol II. Elsevier Science, 2008, pp. 589-618. source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe quantity d is not proportional to atom fraction, and therefore delta-based isotope-balance calculations give increasingly incorrect results as the difference between delta values increases.
“The quantity d is not proportional to atom fraction; for example, the relation above will give increasingly incorrect results with larger differences between d 13 C P and d 13 C Q .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] 12. J. T. Brenna, T. N. Corso, H. J. Tobias, R. J. Caimi. High pre- cision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 227. source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe quantities a and e are preferred to Δ because the former two quantities are independent of the reference.
“The quantities a i E P/Q and e i E P/Q are preferred to Δ i E P,Q,reference because the former two quantities are independent of the reference.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe symbol X for number fraction is in accord with the German standard.
“The symbol X for number fraction is in accord with the German standard.[24]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] 24. German standard, DIN 1310, Zusammmensetzung von Mischphasen, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningUsing equations such as those above, a d 18 O value could yield either À0.05 % or À50 %.
“Using equations such as those above, a d 18 O value could yield either À0.05 % or À50 %.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone givenCompression factors or fugacity coefficients can be used to convert from d(O2/N2) into dV(O2/N2), and vice versa.
“Compression factors or fugacity coefficients can be used to convert from d(O 2 /N 2 ) into d V (O 2 /N 2 ), and vice versa.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe form 10 3 d 15 N is analogous to the method for expressing ln a values, namely as 10 3 ln a or 1000ln a values, in that they both comply with quantity calculus recommendations.
“Note that the form 10 3 d 15 N is analogous to the method for expressing ln a values, namely as 10 3 ln a or 1000ln a values in that they both comply with quantity calculus recommendations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone givenEqual weights of different isotopes correspond to different amounts of isotopes.
“Equal weights of different isotopes correspond to different amounts of isotopes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone givenA given symbol can indicate different quantities.
“A given symbol can indicate different quantities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe true isotope ratio of a sample cannot be determined experimentally as there is no isotope-ratio measurement that is free of measurement uncertainty apart from direct counting of individual entities at the atomic scale.
“The true isotope ratio of a sample cannot be determined experimentally as there is no isotope-ratio measurement that is free of measurement uncertainty apart from direct counting of individual entities at the atomic scale.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone givenNo new quantity is defined by e.
“First, no new quantity is defined by e.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCurrent published guidelines for some common d measurements include guidelines for d 2 H, d 13 C, d 15 N, d 18 O, and d 34 S measurements.
“Current published guidelines for some common d measurements include: for d 2 H measurements, [41] d 13 C measurements, [42] d 15 N measurements, [43] d 18 O measurements, [41] and d 34 S measurements.[44]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [41] 41. T. B. Coplen. New guidelines for reporting stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope-ratio data. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60, 3359. source
- cites [42] 42. T. B. Coplen, W. A. Brand, M. Gehre, M. Gröning, H. A. J. Meijer, B. Toman, R. M. Verkouteren. New guidelines for d 13 C measurements. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 2439. source
- cites [43] 43. A. Mariotti. Atmospheric nitrogen is a reliable standard for natural 15 N abundance measurements. Nature 1983, 303, 685. source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningA positive d i/j E value indicates that the number fraction (and mole fraction) of the heavier isotope is greater in substance P than in the international measurement standard.
“A positive d i/j E value indicates that the number fraction (and mole fraction) of the heavier isotope is greater in substance P than in the international measurement standard.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationHistorically e has been defined as the quantity isotopic fractionation, 1a.
“Third, historically e has been defined as the quantity isotopic fractionation, 1a.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn the Error Approach (sometimes called Traditional Approach or True Value Approach) to describing measurement, a true isotope-ratio value is considered unique and unknowable, in practice.
“In the Error Approach (sometimes called Traditional Approach or True Value Approach) to describing measurement, [5] a true isotope-ratio value is considered unique and unknowable, in practice.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe symbol d is pronounced 'delta'; 'del' is incorrect because it is the name for the del operator, symbol r.
“The symbol d is pronounced 'delta'; 'del' is incorrect because it is the name for the del operator, symbol r.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] 20. IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, (3rd edn). (the 'Green Book'). Prepared for publication by E. R. Cohen, T. Cvitaš, J. G. Frey, B. Holmström, K. Kuchitsu, R. Marquardt, I. Mills, F. Pavese, M. Quack, J. Stohner, H. L. Strauss, M. Takami, A. J. Thor. RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2007.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningThe factor 10 000 is extraneous and should not appear in a coherent quantity d-definition equation.
“Second, the factor 10 000 is extraneous and should not appear in a coherent quantity d-definition equation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe SI suggestion for table-column headings and for axis labels of graphs, based upon quantity calculus and recommended by numerous journals, is to use the quotient of the physical, chemical, or biological quantity and a unit so that the values are pure numbers.
“The SI suggestion for table-column headings and for axis labels of graphs, [4] based upon quantity calculus (also called the algebra of quantities) and recommended by numerous journals, is to use the quotient of the physical, chemical, or biological quantity and a unit so that the values are pure numbers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningA negative d i/j E value indicates that the number fraction (and mole fraction) of the heavier isotope is lower in substance P than in the standard.
“A negative d i/j E value indicates that the number fraction (and mole fraction) of the heavier isotope is lower in substance P than in the standard.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningThe factor 1000 is an extraneous numerical factor and should be deleted from the former equation above.
“The factor 1000 is an extraneous numerical factor and should be deleted from the former equation above.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationThe factor 1000 000 is an extraneous numerical factor that should be deleted to make the relation coherent.
“The factor 1000 000 is an extraneous numerical factor that should be deleted to make the relation coherent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenNumerically identical delta values can be determined by substituting equivalent isotope-amount ratios, r(iE/jE)P and r(iE/jE)std, or isotope amounts, n(iE)P and n(jE)P, for isotope ratios or number of isotopes in equations above.
“Numerically identical delta values can be determined by substituting equivalent isotopeamount ratios, r( i E/ j E) P and r( i E/ j E) std , or isotope amounts, n( i E) P and n( j E) P , for isotope ratios or number of isotopes in equations above.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe symbol % may be used in expressing the ratio of two quantities where the kind of quantity is number of entities; for example, it may be used for number fraction, number ratio, isotope-number fraction, isotope ratio, and relative difference of isotope ratios.
“The symbol may be used in expressing the ratio of two quantities where the kind of quantity is number of entities; for example, it may be used for number fraction, number ratio, isotope-number fraction, isotope ratio, and relative difference of isotope ratios.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningCoherent quantity equations hold for any units as they do not contain extraneous numerical factors or units.
“Because of their universality, they hold for any units as they do not contain extraneous numerical factors or units.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [4] 4. BIPM. The International System of Units (SI), 8th edition brochure (in English); 2006. Available: http://www.bipm. org/.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [5] 5. JCGM 200:2008. International Vocabulary of Metrology - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM, 3rd edn.), 2008. Available: http://www.bimp.org/publica- tions/guides/vim.html.
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe range in d i E values for many commonly studied chemical elements is less than 0.2.
“the range in d i E values for many commonly studied chemical elements [3] is less than 0.2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] 3. T. B. Coplen, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, T. Ding, N.E. Holden, J. A. Hopple, H. R. Krouse, A. Lamberty, H. S. Peiser, K. M. Révész, S.E. Rieder, K.J. R. Rosman, E. Roth, P. D. P. Taylor, R.D. Vocke Jr, Y. K. Xiao. Isotopic abundance variations of selected elements. Pure Appl. Chem. 2002, 74, 1987. DOI: 10.1351/pac200274101987. source
The paper relies on this without support.
There is confusion about the notation of delta values in isotope studies.
“During the 2003 meeting in Ottawa, Canada, of the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, members recognized that there is confusion about the notation of delta values in isotope studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most chemical elements have more than one stable isotope.
“Most chemical elements have more than one stable isotope.”
The paper relies on this without support.
An isotope effect is related to, and may be predicted from, molecular structures of reactants, transition states, and products of an elementary chemical reaction, and it is position- and reaction-specific.
“An isotope effect is related to, and may be predicted from, molecular structures of reactants, transition states, and products of an elementary chemical reaction.It is position-and reaction-specific (i.e., for the same reaction, each molecular position has a different isotope effect, and the same position shows different isotope effects in different reactions).”
The paper relies on this without support.
All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.
“All elements of even atomic number greater than that of oxygen have three or more stable isotopes and have the potential to exhibit non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation.”
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Self-citationRadioactive and Stable Isotope Tracers in Biomedicine
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“55 This is a second definition for ‘APE’.([16]) Previously, this term was called ‘atom percent excess’, ‘atom % excess’, or ‘APE’, but none of these should be used because this quantity does”
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Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)
Meija, J., Coplen, T. B., Berglund, M., Brand, W. A., Bièvre, P. D., Gröning, M., Holden, N. E., Irrgeher, J., Loss, R. D., Walczyk, T., et al. (2016) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0503 · Cited by 1,689 · see citing works
Self-citationMercury Isotopes in Earth and Environmental Sciences
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Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)
Meija, J., Coplen, T. B., Berglund, M., Brand, W. A., Bièvre, P. D., Gröning, M., Holden, N. E., Irrgeher, J., Loss, R. D., Walczyk, T., et al. (2016) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Self-citationDefinitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013)
Murray, K. K., Boyd, R. K., Eberlin, M. N., Langley, G. J., Li, L., & Naito, Y. (2013) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1351/pac-rec-06-04-06 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Ecological interpretations of nitrogen isotope ratios of terrestrial plants and soils
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“These are defined (Coplen 2011) as D ¼ δA–δB ¼ α−1ð Þ≈lnα: ð3Þ The approximation in Eq.”
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“While the isotope delta is a dimensionless quantity, the values are given in‰ due to the low variation in natural abundance of water stable isotopes [Coplen, 2011].”
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Atomic weights of the elements 2011 (IUPAC Technical Report)
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Self-citationThe nitrogen cycle: A review of isotope effects and isotope modeling approaches
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“fractionation prefer the usage of a or e notation (Coplen, 2011).”
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A review of CO2 and associated carbon dynamics in headwater streams: A global perspective
Marx, A., Dušek, J., Jankovec, J., Šanda, M., Vogel, T., van Geldern, R., Hartmann, J., & Barth, J. A. C. (2017) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1002/2016rg000547 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Bernasconi, S. M., Daëron, M., Bergmann, K. D., Bonifacie, M., Meckler, A. N., Affek, H. P., Anderson, N., Bajnai, D., Barkan, E., Beverly, E., et al. (2021) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2020gc009588 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Anaerobic Degradation of Benzene and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Meckenstock, R. U., Boll, M., Mouttaki, H., Koelschbach, J. S., Tarouco, P. C., Weyrauch, P., Dong, X., & Himmelberg, A. M. (2016) · Microbial Physiology · doi:10.1159/000441358 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
“…Degradation of Benzene and PAH J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2016;26:92–118 DOI: 10.1159/000441358 97 δ notations as δ 13 C values (‰) for carbon with Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite as the standard, and δ 2 H values (‰) for hydrogen with Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water as the standard [Coplen, 2011].”
MethodInfluentialStable isotope deltas: tiny, yet robust signatures in nature
Brand, W., & Coplen, T. (2012) · Isotopes in environmental and health studies · doi:10.1080/10256016.2012.666977 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“A comprehensive list of stable isotope terminologies has recently been compiled by Coplen [16].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationOxygen isotopes in bioarchaeology: Principles and applications, challenges and opportunities
Pederzani, S., & Britton, K. (2018) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.11.005 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
“As long as such secondary reference materials have been scale normalised on the VSMOW/SLAP scale, they can then be used in day-to-day sample analysis for quality control, as well as to normalise data to the VSMOW/SLAP scale (Coplen, 2011).”
MethodInfluentialElsner, M., Jochmann, M. A., Hofstetter, T. B., et al. (2012) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5683-y · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Best practices for calibrating and reporting stable isotope measurements in archaeology
Szpak, P., Metcalfe, J. Z., & Macdonald, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.05.007 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
“concepts, as well as previously-published International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) guidelines (Coplen, 2011), we make a series of recommendations for reporting isotopic data in archaeology.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBeaumont, J., Gledhill, A. R., Lee‐Thorp, J. A., & Montgomery, J. (2012) · Archaeometry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2012.00682.x · Cited by 275 · see citing works
“…using the delta notation in parts per thousand (per mil or ‰) relative to the international marine limestone PDB standard for carbon and Ambient Inhalable Reservoir (AIR) for the nitrogen as follows: δ15 1N sample standard= −R R , where R is the isotope ratio 15N/14N in this case (Coplen 2011).”
BackgroundMethodNon-Traditional Stable Isotopes: Retrospective and Prospective
Teng, F., Dauphas, N., & Watkins, J. M. (2017) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2138/rmg.2017.82.1 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
“Recently, a new δ notation without the factor of 1000 has been recommended by the IUPAC for expression of stable isotope ratios (Coplen 2011).”
BackgroundJohn, C. M., & Bowen, D. (2016) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.7720 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Brum, M., Vadeboncoeur, M. A., Ivanov, V. Y., Asbjornsen, H., SALESKA, S. R., Alves, L. F., Penha, D., Dias, J. D., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Barros, F., et al. (2018) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13022 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
“Data are expressed in delta (δ) notation relative to Vienna mean ocean water standard (V- SMOW) (Coplen, 2011).”
MethodCreamer, C. A., de Menezes, A. B., Krull, E. S., Sanderman, J., Newton-Walters, R., & Farrell, M. (2014) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.10.008 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
“Enriched ( 13 C) samples were measured using head amplifiers with lower resistance on mass 45 and are reported using atom fraction notation (Coplen, 2011).”
MethodStable isotopes dissect aquatic food webs from the top to the bottom
Middelburg, J. J. (2014) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-11-2357-2014 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)
PROHASKA, T. R., Irrgeher, J., Benefield, J., Böhlke, J. K., Chesson, L. A., Coplen, T. B., Ding, T., Dunn, P. J. H., Gröning, M., Holden, N. E., et al. (2022) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Self-citationEstuarine plastisphere as an overlooked source of N2O production
Su, X., Yang, L., Yang, K., Tang, Y., Wen, T., Wang, Y., Rillig, M. C., Rohe, L., Pan, J., Li, H., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31584-x · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Proposal for an international molybdenum isotope measurement standard and data representation
Nägler, T. F., Anbar, A. D., Archer, C., Goldberg, T., Gordon, G. W., Greber, N. D., Siebert, C., Sohrin, Y., & Vance, D. (2014) · Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research · doi:10.1111/j.1751-908x.2013.00275.x · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“…scientific fields, such as the tracking of metal pollution (Chappaz et al. 2012, Lane et al. 2013), the investigation of core formation and in planetary sciences more generally (Burkhardt 2012) as well as in the study of igneous and hydrothermal processes (Mathur et al. 2010, Greber et al. 2011).”
BackgroundStable isotope techniques for verifying the declared geographical origin of food in legal cases
Camin, F., Boner, M., Bontempo, L., et al. (2017) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2016.12.007 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Normalization of stable isotope data for carbonate minerals: Implementation of IUPAC guidelines
Kim, S.-T., Coplen, T. B., & Horita, J. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.02.011 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationMagnesium isotope evidence that accretional vapour loss shapes planetary compositions
Hin, R. C., Coath, C. D., Carter, P. J., Nimmo, F., Lai, Y.-J., von Strandmann, P. A. E. P., Willbold, M., Leinhardt, Z. M., Walter, M. J., & Elliott, T. R. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23899 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Thullner, M., Centler, F., Richnow, H. H., et al. (2011) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.10.011 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Isotopocule analysis of biologically produced nitrous oxide in various environments
Toyoda, S., Yoshida, N., & Koba, K. (2015) · Mass Spectrometry Reviews · doi:10.1002/mas.21459 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Skrzypek, G. (2012) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-012-6517-2 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Schimmelmann, A., Qi, H., Coplen, T. B., et al. (2016) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04392 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationResolution of inter-laboratory discrepancies in Mo isotope data: an intercalibration
Goldberg, T., Gordon, G., Izon, G., Archer, C., Pearce, C. R., McManus, J., Anbar, A. D., & Rehkämper, M. (2013) · Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry · doi:10.1039/c3ja30375f · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Recent Developments in Mercury Stable Isotope Analysis
Blum, J. D., & Johnson, M. W. (2017) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2138/rmg.2017.82.17 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Solution Speciation Controls Mercury Isotope Fractionation of Hg(II) Sorption to Goethite
Jiskra, M., Wiederhold, J. G., Bourdon, B., et al. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es3008112 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Kohlbach, D., Graeve, M., Lange, B. A., et al. (2016) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.10351 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“According to the following equation, the isotopic ratios were conventionally expressed as parts per thousand (&) in the d notation (Coplen 2011):”
BackgroundWerner, C., Badeck, F., Brugnoli, E., Cohn, B., Cuntz, M., Dawson, T. E., Geßler, A., Ghashghaie, J., Grams, T. E. E., Kayler, Z. E., et al. (2012) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-9-3083-2012 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Environmental control on eastern broadleaf forest species’ leaf wax distributions and D/H ratios
Tipple, B. J., & Pagani, M. (2012) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.10.042 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Molybdenum isotope variations in magmatic rocks
Willbold, M., & Elliott, T. R. (2016) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.12.011 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“The majority of laboratories have now adopted NIST SRM 3134 as a primary reference solution and, accordingly, the Mo isotope variations in this contribution are defined as δ98=95Mo ¼ 98Mo=95Mosample = 98Mo=95MoNIST3134 h i –1 and are expressed in ‰ (see Coplen, 2011).”
MethodCarrey, R., Ballesté, E., Blanch, A. R., et al. (2020) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116537 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Reporting Stable-Isotope Ratios in Ecology: Recommended Terminology, Guidelines and Best Practices
Bond, A. L., & Hobson, K. A. (2012) · Waterbirds · doi:10.1675/063.035.0213 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“Indeed, until Coplen (2011), there were no universal recommendations (but see Jardine and Cunjak 2005; Wassenaar 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, B., Bechtel, A., Sachsenhofer, R. F., Groß, D., Gratzer, R., & Chen, X. (2017) · International Journal of Coal Geology · doi:10.1016/j.coal.2017.03.011 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Female hunters of the early Americas
Haas, R., Watson, J. T., Buonasera, T. Y., Southon, J. R., Chen, J. C., Noe, S. J., Smith, K. N., Llave, C. V., Eerkens, J. W., & Parker, G. J. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd0310 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Beyer, M., Hamutoko, J. T., Wanke, H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.08.060 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Understanding and managing nitrogen nutrition in grapevine: a review
Verdenal, T., Dienes-Nagy, Á., Spangenberg, J. E., Zufferey, V., Spring, J.-L., Viret, O., Marin‐Carbonne, J., & van Leeuwen, C. (2021) · OENO One · doi:10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.1.3866 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“The δ unit is milliurey (mUr) as defined by the International System of Units (Coplen, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEvaristo, J., McDonnell, J. J., Scholl, M. A., et al. (2016) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.10841 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“We use conventional notation for isotope composition (Coplen, 2011) where δ18O or δ2H = [(Rsample / RSMOW) 1], with R as the ratio of 18O/16O or 2H/1H in the sample or in Standard Mean OceanWater: SMOW.”
MethodHirte, J., Leifeld, J., Abiven, S., Oberholzer, H., & Mayer, J. (2018) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2018.07.010 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Tripati, A. K., Hill, P. S., Eagle, R. A., Mosenfelder, J. L., Tang, J., Schauble, E. A., Eiler, J. M., Zeebe, R. E., Uchikawa, J., Coplen, T. B., et al. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.021 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“where R is the number ratio (Coplen, 2011), the number of a minor isotopologue to the number of the major isotopologue of a specified molecule (or atom) of interest.”
Self-citationRapidly assessing changes in bone mineral balance using natural stable calcium isotopes
Morgan, J. L. L., Skulan, J. L., Gordon, G. W., Romaniello, S. J., Smith, S. M., & Anbar, A. D. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1119587109 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Good, S. P., Soderberg, K., Guan, K., et al. (2014) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1002/2013wr014333 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“The d values are reported in per mil [&] notation, which is equivalent to 1 3 103 [Coplen, 2011].”
BackgroundWhat can we learn from N 2 O isotope data? – Analytics, processes and modelling
Yu, L., Harris, E., Lewicka‐Szczebak, D., Barthel, M., Blomberg, M. R. A., Harris, S. J., Johnson, M. S., Lehmann, M. F., Liisberg, J. B., Müller, C., et al. (2020) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.8858 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Sanderman, J., Maddern, T. M., & Baldock, J. (2014) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-014-0009-8 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Zhi, Y., Shi, J., et al. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.239 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Glibert, P. M., Middelburg, J. J., McClelland, J. W., & Zanden, M. J. V. (2018) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.11087 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“…are defined and provided here; more detailed reviews of terminology and best practices based on publications of the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) can be found in Coplen (2011) and Bond and Hobson (2012).”
BackgroundKarp, A. T., Holman, A. I., Hopper, P., Grice, K., & Freeman, K. H. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.08.024 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Biddau, R., Cidu, R., Pelo, S. D., et al. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.007 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Guéguen, B., Rouxel, O. J., Ponzevera, E., Bekker, A., & Fouquet, Y. (2013) · Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research · doi:10.1111/j.1751-908x.2013.00209.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Methane clumped isotopes: Progress and potential for a new isotopic tracer
Douglas, P., Stolper, D. A., Eiler, J. M., Sessions, A. L., Lawson, M. J., Shuai, Y., Bishop, A. N., Podlaha, O. G., Ferreira, A. A. C. M., Neto, E. V. S., et al. (2017) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.07.016 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Delta values are commonly expressed as per mil (‰) values, which implicitly includes a multiplicative factor of 1000 (Coplen, 2011).”
BackgroundWunderlin, P., Lehmann, M. F., Siegrist, H., et al. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es303174x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Hydrogen storage and geo-methanation in a depleted underground hydrocarbon reservoir
Hellerschmied, C., Schritter, J., Waldmann, N., et al. (2024) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-024-01458-1 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Isodetect GmbH (Leipzig) determined carbon isotope ratios ( 13 C/ 12 C) of CH 4 through compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) 49 .”
InfluentialA comparison of extraction systems for plant water stable isotope analysis
Millar, C., Pratt, D. L., Schneider, D. J., & McDonnell, J. J. (2018) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.8136 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Griffis, T. J. (2013) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.02.009 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Duan, H., Ye, L., Erler, D. V., et al. (2017) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.054 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Is lipid correction necessary in the stable isotope analysis of fish tissues?
Skinner, M. M., Martin, A. A., & Moore, B. (2016) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.7480 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Jiskra, M., Wiederhold, J. G., Skyllberg, U., Kronberg, R., & Kretzschmar, R. (2017) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c7em00245a · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Beyer, M., Koeniger, P., Gaj, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.037 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Gaj, M., Beyer, M., Koeniger, P., et al. (2016) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-20-715-2016 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“18O /16O and 2H /1H isotope ratios are normalized on the international δ scale and expressed as parts per thousand: δ = [( Rsample Rreference ) − 1 ] , (1) where Rsample (−) denotes the 18O /16O isotope ratio (or 2H /1H) of a water sample and Rstandard (−) those of the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) (Coplen,…”
BackgroundInfluentialNaito, Y. I., Chikaraishi, Y., Drucker, D. G., et al. (2016) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.01.009 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Ono, S. (2017) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012324 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Evapotranspiration partitioning at the ecosystem scale using the stable isotope method—A review
Xiao, W., Wei, Z., & Wen, X. (2018) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.09.005 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“The delta (δ) notation is used to represent the isotopic composition normalized in reference to an international standard (Coplen, 2011):”
MethodMa, J., Sun, W. B., Liu, X., & Chen, F. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051894 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Kümmel, S., Herbst, F., Bahr, A., et al. (2015) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiv006 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“…were expressed in the delta notation (δ13C) in per mil [ ] units relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) according to the following equation (Coplen 2011): δ13Csample [0/00] = ( Rsample Rreference − 1 ) , where Rsample and Rreference are the ratios of the heavy isotope to the light isotope…”
MethodHorner, T. J., Little, S., Conway, T. M., Farmer, J. R., Hertzberg, J. E., Lough, A., McKay, J. L., Tessin, A. C., Galer, S. J. G., Jaccard, S. L., et al. (2021) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2020gb006814 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Resolving the controls of water vapour isotopes in the Atlantic sector
Bonne, J., Behrens, M., Meyer, H., Kipfstuhl, S., Rabe, B., Schönicke, L., Steen‐Larsen, H. C., & Werner, M. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09242-6 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Tetzlaff, D., Buttle, J. M., Carey, S. K., et al. (2020) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.14023 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“All isotope data are given in delta-notation (Coplen, 2011) in reference to the VSMOW.”
MethodIsotope meteorology of cold front passages: A case study combining observations and modeling
Aemisegger, F., Spiegel, J. K., Pfahl, S., et al. (2015) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2015gl063988 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Gas exchange and water‐use efficiency in plant canopies
Cernusak, L. A. (2018) · Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/plb.12939 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Mineralogy dictates the initial mechanism of microbial necromass association
Creamer, C. A., Foster, A. L., Lawrence, C. R., McFarland, J. W., Schulz, M. S., & Waldrop, M. P. (2019) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2019.06.028 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in aquatic food webs are tracers of diet and provenance
Soto, D. X., Wassenaar, L. I., & Hobson, K. A. (2013) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12054 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Landwehr, J. M., Coplen, T. B., & Stewart, D. W. (2013) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.10004 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“year period as reported by Coplen and Kendall (2000) also had smaller ranges in δ(18)O (δ(2)H) values of 1.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCryogenic vacuum artifacts do not affect plant water‐uptake studies using stable isotope analysis
Newberry, S. L., Nelson, D. B., & Kahmen, A. (2017) · Ecohydrology · doi:10.1002/eco.1892 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Water was injected using a GC PAL autosampler (CTC, Zwingen, Switzerland), and the δ(18)O and δ(2)H values reported here are normalized to the VSMOW scale using calibrated laboratory standards and expressed in per mill (‰) implying multiplication by 1,000 (Coplen, 2011).”
MethodLiénart, C., Savoye, N., Bozec, Y., et al. (2017) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2017.03.001 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“(1); Coplen, 2011): d13Csample or d 15Nsample ¼ ½ðRsample=RstandardÞ 1 ð1Þ where R = 13C/12C or 15N/14N, and the references are Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) for d13C and atmospheric N2 for d15N.”
BackgroundProducts and Applications of Biopolymers
Verbeek, C. J. R. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/1802 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Winkler, R., Landais, A., Sodemann, H., Dümbgen, L., Prié, F., Masson‐Delmotte, V., Stenni, B., & Jouzel, J. (2012) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-8-1-2012 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Note that in previous studies, the unit permeg instead of ppm was used, but here we use ppm to be consistent with the SI system ( Coplen, 2011).”
MethodTriple isotopic composition of oxygen in surface snow and water vapor at NEEM (Greenland)
Landais, A., Steen‐Larsen, H. C., Guillevic, M., Masson‐Delmotte, V., Vinther, B. M., & Winkler, R. (2011) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.11.022 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Ono, S., Whitehill, A. R., & Lyons, J. R. (2013) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/jgrd.50183 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“The common multiplication factor of 1000 is omitted because it technically belongs to % symbol [Coplen, 2011].”
BackgroundOelze, M., von Blanckenburg, F., Vollprecht, D., Dietzel, M., & Bouchez, J. (2014) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.04.027 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“We report Si isotope data relative to the standard reference material NBS28 (quartz sand) in the delta notation according to Coplen (2011) as δ ( 29/28 Si) NBS28 and δ ( 30/28 Si) NBS28 expressed in per mill ( ‰ ) by multiplication of Eqs.”
Roberts, P., Fernandes, R., Craig, O. E., Larsen, T., Lucquin, A., Swift, J., & Zech, J. (2017) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.8044 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“comparison of the sample with a standard with an internationally recognized isotopic abundance.(11,15) It is correct to state that an archaeological material such as bone”
BackgroundHolden, N. E., Coplen, T. B., Böhlke, J. K., Tarbox, L., Benefield, J., Laeter, J. R. D., Mahaffy, P. G., O’Connor, G., Roth, É., Tepper, D. H., et al. (2018) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms of consistently disjunct soil water pools over (pore) space and time
Sprenger, M., Llorens, P., Cayuela, C., et al. (2019) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-23-2751-2019 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Evidence linking calcium to increased organo-mineral association in soils
Rowley, M. C., Grand, S., Spangenberg, J. E., & Verrecchia, É. P. (2021) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-021-00779-7 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“%) difference of the 13C/12C ratio in the sample relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite standard (d13C in % VPDB; Coplen 2011).”
ResultSulfur-33 constraints on the origin of secondary pyrite in altered oceanic basement
Ono, S., Keller, N. S., Rouxel, O., & Alt, J. C. (2012) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.016 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Biddau, R., Dore, E., Pelo, S. D., et al. (2023) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2023.119663 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrate in a tropical marine boundary layer
Savarino, J., Morin, S., Erbland, J., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1216639110 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Selenium as paleo-oceanographic proxy: a first assessment
Mitchell, K., Mason, P. R. D., Van Cappellen, P., Johnson, T. M., Gill, B. C., Owens, J. D., Diaz, J., Ingall, E. D., Reichart, G.-J., & Lyons, T. W. (2012) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.038 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Bond, A. L., Hobson, K. A., & Branfireun, B. A. (2015) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.0032 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
van Geldern, R., Schulte, P., Mäder, M., Baier, A., & Barth, J. A. C. (2015) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.10457 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“…reported in the standard δnotation as deviations in per mil (‰) from the respective reference material according to δ ¼ Rsample Rreference 1 (7) where R is the ratio of the numbers (n) of the heavy and light isotope of an element [e.g. n(18O)/n(16O)] in the sample and the reference (Coplen, 2011).”
BackgroundBiomarkers for Terrestrial Plants and Climate
Freeman, K. H., & Pancost, R. D. (2013) · Treatise on Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.01028-7 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
- Authors
- Coplen, T. B.
- Affiliations
- United States Geological Survey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Coplen, Tyler B.
- ORCID
- Coplen, Tyler B.
- Venue
- Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-08-19
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 2538-2560
- ISSN
- 0951-4198 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0231
- OpenAlex
- W2123004271
- Cited by
- 1,831
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 173 · 2020: 166 · 2019: 159 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 106 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 77.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
- Locations
- Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Geological Survey
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Chemistry and Stereochemistry Studies
- Keywords
- stable isotope ratios, gas mixture ratio, isotope ratio measurement, terminology, SI units, VIM, IUPAC recommendations
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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