Anatomical and functional demonstration of a multisynaptic suprachiasmatic nucleus adrenal (cortex) pathway
Abstract
In view of mounting evidence that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is directly involved in the setting of sensitivity of the adrenal cortex to ACTH, the present study investigated possible anatomical and functional connections between SCN and adrenal. Transneuronal virus tracing from the adrenal revealed first order labelling in neurons in the intermedio-lateral column of the spinal cord that were shown to receive an input from oxytocin fibres and subsequently second-order labelling in neurons of the autonomic division of the paraventricular nucleus. The latter neurons were shown to receive an input from vasopressin or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) containing SCN efferents. The true character of this SCN input to second-order neurons was also demonstrated by the fact that third-order labelling was present within the SCN, vasopressin or VIP neurons. The functional presence of the SCN-adrenal connection was demonstrated by a light-induced fast decrease in plasma corticosterone that could not be attributed to a decrease in ACTH. Using intact and SCN-lesioned animals, the immediate decrease in plasma corticosterone was only observed in intact animals and only at the beginning of the dark period. This fast decrease of corticosterone was accompanied by constant basal levels of blood adrenaline and noradrenaline, and is proposed to be due to a direct inhibition of the neuronal output to the adrenal cortex by light-mediated activation of SCN neurons. As a consequence, it is proposed that the SCN utilizes neuronal pathways to spread its time of the day message, not only to the pineal, but also to other organs, including the adrenal, utilizing the autonomic nervous system.
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- Authors
- Buijs, R. M., Wortel, J., Van Heerikhuize, J. J., Feenstra, M. G. P., Ter Horst, G. J., Romijn, H. J., & Kalsbeek, A.
- Affiliations
- Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NL)
- Venue
- European Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1535-1544
- ISSN
- 0953-816X (ISSN-L)
- 1460-9568
- OpenAlex
- W2088459975
- Cited by
- 485
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 7.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- suprachiasmatic nucleus, adrenal cortex, corticosterone, ACTH, oxytocin, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, paraventricular nucleus, circadian rhythm, autonomic nervous system, SCN lesions
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Cortex, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Corticosterone, Darkness, Denervation, Epinephrine, Lighting, Male, Melatonin, Neural Pathways, Norepinephrine, Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, Photic Stimulation, Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Synapses, Rats, Wistar, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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