The Effects of Operator Implementation Cost on Planfulness of Problem Solving and Learning
Abstract
This paper explores the idea that problem solving search strategies are chosen so as to optimize performance within the constraints of a particular situation. Four experiments are reported that examine the hypothesis that the cost of performing an operation affects "planfulness"--the level of planning during problem solving. The first experiment investigated problem solving with the 8-puzzle and compared strategies adopted when there was a high versus a low cost of making a move, manipulating cost in terms of command length. The second experiment used protocol analysis to provide more direct evidence for increased planning. The third and fourth experiments looked at the effects of these different strategies on learning: the third examined how problem solving performance on a direct manipulation interface is affected by prior problem solving experience in the same domain with either a high cost or low cost command-driven interface, demonstrating improved performance as a result of training on an interface with high cost operations; the fourth experiment, like the third, examined the effects of prior problem solving experience with either a high cost or low cost interface on subsequent problem solving performance in a different domain using a direct manipulation interface showing no effect to training interface on subsequent performance.
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Problem solving was less successful in a transfer phase following an increasing amount of interactions with a technical tool relative to using internal mental processes.
“For instance, O’Hara and Payne (1998) observed that problem solving was less successful in a transfer phase following an increasing amount of interactions with a technical tool relative to using internal mental processes.”
From Consequences of cognitive offloading: Boosting performance but diminishing memory (2021) · cites this paper as O’Hara and Payne (1998)
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- Authors
- O'Hara, K. P., & Payne, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Wales (GB)
- ORCID
- O'Hara, Kenton P.
- Venue
- Cognitive Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-02
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 34-70
- ISSN
- 0010-0285 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2071244092
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognitive Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI-based Problem Solving and Planning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information Retrieval and Search Behavior
- Keywords
- operator cost, planfulness, problem solving, search strategies, 8-puzzle, direct manipulation interfaces, transfer of training, protocol analysis, planning
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Concept Formation, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Motivation, Problem Solving, Mental Recall, Students, User-Computer Interface
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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