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Altruism in Anonymous Dictator Games.
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“Fund allocation in the Dictator Game is considered a real-life test of altruism since it involves a ‘put your money where your mouth is’ decision where giving to another is both costly and not subject to strategic considerations of reciprocity; this is particularly the case when “Dictator” and “Recipient” identities are made anonymous [4].”
From The oxytocin receptor (OXTR) contributes to prosocial fund allocations in the dictator game and the social value orientations task (2009) · cites this paper as [4]
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RACIONALIDAD CONSTRUCTIVISTA Y ECOLÓGICA EN ECONOMÍA (
Smith, V. L. S. (2005) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 3
The influence of emotions on pro-environmental behaviors
Ibanez, L., Moureau, N., & Roussel, S. (2015) · Revue d’études en Agriculture et Environnement · doi:10.4074/s1966960715012023 · Cited by 3
Interpersonal interaction and economic theory: the case of public goods
Bardsley, N. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511522154.005 · Cited by 3
Leadership and the effective choice of information regime
Komai, M., Grossman, P. J., & Benie, E. (2016) · Theory and Decision · doi:10.1007/s11238-016-9554-z · Cited by 3
“…suggested that generous transfers and offers, at least relative to theoretical predictions, made in dictator and ultimatum games reflect, on the part of the first movers, a preference for fairness at the expense of their own payoff (see, for example, Eckel and Grossman 1996; Güth and Kocher 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAPPROACHING FAIR BEHAVIOR: DISTRIBUTIONAL AND RECIPROCAL PREFERENCES
Kritikos, A. S., & Bolle, F. (2004) · Research on economic inequality · doi:10.1016/s1049-2585(04)11008-9 · Cited by 3
Reasons for Doing Good: Behavioural Explanations of Prosociality in Economics
Adamus, M. (2017) · Economics & Sociology · doi:10.14254/2071-789x.2017/10-1/9 · Cited by 5
Basic Needs, Goals and Motivation
Szalma, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.030 · Cited by 3
Induction d'émotions et comportements pro-environnementaux dans le cadre d'un jeu du dictateur
Ibanez, L., Moureau, N., & Roussel, S. (2014) · HAL · Cited by 3
A Computer-Based Method for the Investigation of Human Behavior in the Iterative Chicken Game
Kim, S.-P., Kim, M., Lee, J., Cho, Y. S., & Kwon, O. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.576404 · Cited by 4
“As a source to invoke the sense of fairness, researchers have proposed that altruism is the pursuit of an unbiased distribution of welfare (Andreoni, 1995; Eckel and Grossman, 1996).”
BackgroundPersonality in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Dragūns, J. G., & Tanaka‐Matsumi, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.037 · Cited by 4
Other-regarding preferences and giving decision in a risky environment: experimental evidence
Beaud, M., Lefèbvre, M., & Rosaz, J. (2022) · Review of Economic Design · doi:10.1007/s10058-022-00296-5 · Cited by 3
“In one experiment, Eckel and Grossman (1996) observed that student subjects are more generous when they know their gift benefits an established charity rather than another anonymous student subject.”
BackgroundInfluential(1996) · Nonprofit Management and Leadership · doi:10.1002/nml.4130070211 · Cited by 3
Giarrizzo, V., & Maceri, S. B. (2019) · Revista CEA · doi:10.22430/24223182.1318 · Cited by 3
“Se replicaron, por ejemplo, una serie de experimentos donde se le informa al dictador que el receptor es la Cruz Roja de la localidad, lo que incrementa la propensión a repartir (Eckel & Grossman, 1996).”
BackgroundModels of Physical Health and Personality
Heilmayr, D., & Friedman, H. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.019 · Cited by 2
Investment Choices with Envy and AltruismPreprint
Kaplanski, G., & Levy, H. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2148874 · Cited by 3
To Give or Not to Give: The Price of Contributing and the Provision of Public Goods
Diederich, J., & Goeschl, T. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19332 · Cited by 6
Environmental and Behavioral Economics - Applications to China
He, H. (2010) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 3
Giving versus Taking: A “Real Donation” Comparison of Warm Glow and Cold PricklePreprint
Grossman, P. J., & Eckel, C. C. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 3
Self-citationBehavioral Biases in Information Acquisition
Feiler, L. (2007) · CaltechTHESIS (California Institute of Technology) · doi:10.7907/fj1v-hr48 · Cited by 4
Utility versus Income-Based AltruismPreprint
Kritikos, A. S., & Bolle, F. (2006) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 3
Do experimental subjects favor their friends
Durán, M. A., Brañas‐Garza, P., & Alejos, M. P. E. (2005) · Cited by 3
Loss and Other-Regarding PreferencesPreprint
Antinyan, A. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 5
Luccasen, R. A., & Grossman, P. J. (2013) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 3
Self-citationHeap, S. H. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511522154.010 · Cited by 3
FAIRNESS-BASED ALTRUISM AND REDISTRIBUTION: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Mittone, L. (2004) · Research on economic inequality · doi:10.1016/s1049-2585(04)11009-0 · Cited by 3
Strategic (Corporate) Social Responsibility
Planer-Friedrich, L. (2021) · doi:10.20378/irb-49593 · Cited by 3
Subsidizing Unit Donations: Matches, Rebates, and Discounts Compared
Diederich, J., Eckel, C. C., Epperson, R., et al. (2020) · heiDOK (Heidelberg University) · doi:10.11588/heidok.00029236 · Cited by 3
Self-citationDo Two Eyes See More Generosity Than One?Preprint
Bekkers, R. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pseu2 · Cited by 3
Do Non-Enforceable Contracts Matter? Evidence from an International Lab ExperimentPreprint
Cappelen, A. W., Hagen, R. J., Sørensen, E. Ø., et al. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2033111 · Cited by 3
Social Capabilities in Alzheimer's PatientsPreprint
Domènech, A. B. I., Nagel, R., Sanchez‐Andrés, J. V., & Morera, J. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1002885 · Cited by 3
“5 In the double-blind version of the Dictator Game r un in the US, in which participants are anonymous t other participants as well as to the experimenter, dollar bills are used [16], [17].”
BackgroundResultTorn between want and should: Self regulation and behavioral choicesPreprint
Borah, A., & Garg, R. (2020) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 3
The Ring of Gyges in the Laboratory: The Effect of Tangibility and Earned Money on Giving and TakingPreprint
Luccasen, R. A., & Grossman, P. J. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3106194 · Cited by 3
Self-citationCarpenter, J. P. (2008) · The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1974-1 · Cited by 3
A neurocomputational account of the link between social perception and social actionPreprint
Bas, L. M., Roberts, I. D., Hutcherson, C. A. C., & Tusche, A. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.92539 · Cited by 3
“…in need ( Batson et al., 1995 ; Batson et al., 2007 ; Cappelen et al., 2013 ; Molouki and Bartels, 2020 ; Batson et al., 1986 ) and to withhold aid from those perceived as undeserving ( Hare et al., 2010 ; Tusche et al., 2016 ; Fong, 2007 ; Eckel and Grossman, 1996 ; Van Doesum et al., 2022 ).”
Information, Competition, and the Quality of CharitiesPreprint
Krasteva, S. S., & Yıldırım, H. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2607251 · Cited by 3
“(F∗)n ∗(q)Rwin(q) + [1− (F∗)n ∗(q)]Rlose(q) = 0, (8)”
Binder, L., Schultze, M., Chen, F. S., & Windmann, S. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46603-w · Cited by 2
“Other studies have shown the influence of contextual factors on economic game decisions such as anonymity 78–80 , reputation formation 81 , social distance 82–86 , and social norms 87–91 .”
Mellowing with Tenure? Socialization Increases Prosocial Behavior in Public Organizations
Banuri, S., & Keefer, P. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0193-230620160000019004 · Cited by 2
An Experimental Study for Environmental Fundraising in Majorca, Spain
López, M. C., Blanco, E., & Coleman, E. A. (2011) · Research in experimental economics · doi:10.1108/s0193-2306(2011)0000014009 · Cited by 2
Charitable Giving: Antecedents and Mechanisms
陆柯雯 (2014) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2014.42027 · Cited by 2
“…文化背景 社会资本、热心肠文化、集体主义/个人主义 情境 社会声誉、他人参照、“钱”的强调程度 利他主义价值观的人(Bekkers & Schuyt, 2008)，具有亲社会价值取向的人(Van Lange, Bekkers, Schuyt, & Van Vugt, 2007)，物质主义水平较低的人(Sargeant, Ford, & West, 2000)，注重道德关怀的人(Wilhelm & Bekkers, 2010)，关心社会秩序和社会公正的人(Todd & Lawson, 1999)，对慈善机构以及整个社会富有责 任感的人(Schuyt et al.,…”
Envy and Altruism: Contrasting Bivariate and Univariate Prospect Preferences
Kaplanski, G., & Levy, H. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/sjoe.12168 · Cited by 2
The gift that keeps on giving: corporate giving and excessive risk-taking
Boland, C. M., Ewelt‐Knauer, C., & Schneider, J. (2021) · Journal of Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11573-021-01063-8 · Cited by 2
“For example, participants in laboratory dictator games give nearly three times more when the recipient is the American Red Cross (i.e., “a recipient generally agreed to be ‘deserving’”) than an anonymous recipient (Eckel and Grossman 1996).”
BackgroundEriksen, K. W., Fest, S., Kvaløy, O., & Dijk, O. (2022) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106571 · Cited by 2
Deferred pay: Compliance and productivity with self-selection
Sheedy, E. A., Zhang, L., & Liao, Y. (2022) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106657 · Cited by 2
Feakes, A., Lindsay, N., Palmer, E., & Steffens, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1044463 · Cited by 2
“, a deserving recipient, not anonymous) charity (60).”
BackgroundCharitable giving: The role of framing and information
Keser, C., Kliemt, H., & Späth, M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288400 · Cited by 3
“We conduct a dictator game experiment [18, 19] with a charity as the recipient [20].”
BackgroundMethodToward Behavioral AI: Cognitive Factors Underlying the Public Psychology of Artificial Intelligence
Mukherjee, S., Senapati, D., & Mahajan, I. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3966-4_1 · Cited by 3
The Virtues of Lab Experiments
Charness, G. B., Cox, J. C., Eckel, C. C., Holt, C. A., & Jabarian, B. (2026) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107595 · Cited by 2
Self-citationBaltrusch, M., & Wichardt, P. C. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2024.102183 · Cited by 2
Incentive-Induced Social Tie and Subsequent Altruism and Cooperation
Gioia, F. (2024) · The B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy · doi:10.1515/bejeap-2023-0138 · Cited by 2
“The literature shows that contribution drops with social distance (Charness and Gneezy 2008; Rachlin and Jones 2008) and increases in proportion to the perceived “deservingness” of the recipient (Eckel and Grossman 1996).”
BackgroundKarunadasa, M., & Sieberg, K. K. (2024) · Games · doi:10.3390/g15040023 · Cited by 2
“This is considered a “deserving recipient”, as shown by Eckel and Grossman’s [16] study.”
BackgroundGuo, Y., Wei, L., & Xue, L. (2024) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2024.102298 · Cited by 2
Gender differences in dictator giving: A high-power laboratory test
Barreda‐Tarrazona, I., Jaramillo-Gutiérrez, A., Pavan, M., & Sabater‐Grande, G. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0317886 · Cited by 2
Johnson, J. A., Kelly, K. O., & Tian, Y. (2025) · Behavioral Research in Accounting · doi:10.2308/bria-2023-034 · Cited by 2
The effect of earned endowments and tangible money on charitable giving
Luccasen, R. A., & Grossman, P. J. (2025) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/gpaf025 · Cited by 2
Self-citationEssays on the Economic Analysis of Tort Law
Guerra, A. (2015) · AMS Dottorato Institutional Doctoral Theses Repository (University of Bologna) · doi:10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/7247 · Cited by 2
“Among others, Eckel and Grossman (1996), Fehr and Fischbacher (2004), Fehr and Schmidt (2006), Henrich et al. (2010), Engel (2011) and Rand et al. (2012) have showed that individuals care about the well-being of others and that the evaluation of others’ well-being is highly context-dependent.”
BackgroundSocial Pressure Mediates the Negative Impact of Guilt on Fair Allocation in Multi-Party Interactions
Feng, Q., Xu, Y., Ye, Y., & Duan, L. F. (2021) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-021-00363-2 · Cited by 5
Expectativas sobre comportamiento egoísta
Brañas‐Garza, P., Espinosa, M. P. P., & García‐Muñoz, T. (2009) · Cuadernos Económicos de ICE · doi:10.32796/cice.2009.77.5954 · Cited by 2
Duran, P., Brañas‐Garza, P., & Alejos, M. P. E. (2005) · Cited by 2
Blaauw, D., English, M., Goodman, C. A., et al. (2011) · Cited by 2
Ethical altruism and redistribution: an experimental approach
Mittone, L. (2003) · Unitn Eprints Research (Università Degli Studi di Trento) · Cited by 2
Essays on Pro-Social Behavior of Individuals, Firms and States
Schmitz, J. (2013) · Cited by 2
Induction d'émotions et comportements pro-environnementaux dans le cadre d'un jeu du dictateur
Ibanez, L., Moureau, N., & Roussel, S. (2014) · Revue d économie politique · doi:10.3917/redp.242.0215 · Cited by 7
Self-concept in fairness and rule establishment during a competitive game: a computational approach
Lee, S. H., Kim, S.-P., & Cho, Y. S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01321 · Cited by 2
“Some studies suggest “altruism” as a source of fairness (Eckel and Grossman, 1996), while other studies propose “reciprocity” (Cox et al., 2007).”
ResultExternality and framing effects in a bribery experiment
Barr, A. M., & Serra, D. (2007) · Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) · Cited by 2
Chaudhry, T. T., & Saleem, M. (2011) · The Lahore journal of economics · doi:10.35536/lje.2011.v16.isp.a15 · Cited by 2
Municipal Housekeeping: The Impact of Women's Suffrage on the Provision of Public Education
Carruthers, C. K., & Wanamaker, M. (2012) · Cited by 2
Charitable Dictators? Determinants of Giving to NGOs in Uganda
Lehrer, K., & Porter, C. (2017) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.3331 · Cited by 2
“In the aforementioned meta-analysis, Engel (2011) finds that students do give significantly less than non-students.”
BackgroundSmith, V. L. S. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511754364.012 · Cited by 2
Does charity affect economic bargaining? Exploring gender × social distance interactions
Testa, M., & D’Amato, A. (2018) · Social Responsibility Journal · doi:10.1108/srj-04-2018-0104 · Cited by 2
Emotional and Contextual Influences in an Altruistic Decision-Making Task
Irvin, R. B. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/z3mc-nq94 · Cited by 1
Weimann, J., & Brosig‐Koch, J. (2019) · Springer texts in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93363-4_2 · Cited by 2
Carpenter, J. P. (2010) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230280786_31 · Cited by 2
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.020 · Cited by 4
Lv, X., Zhang, M., & Li, D. (2022) · Land · doi:10.3390/land11091463 · Cited by 2
Predicting Altruistic Behaviour by the Benefactor-Beneficiary Relationship
Palmer, J. A., & Palmer, L. K. (2022) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/14747049221122920 · Cited by 2
“These studies show that few people behave altruistically (Eckel & Grossman, 1996) (Bekkers, 2007). and that when they do it may in part be an artifact of the experimental protocols (Bardsley, 2008).”
BackgroundEl contexto moral como facilitador del altruismo en las decisiones económicas
de Colima, U., Pérez-Verduzco, G., Arocena, F. A. L., de Colima, U., Bernal, A. C. A. L., & de Guadalajara, U. (2015) · Revista Mexicana de Investigación en Psicología · doi:10.32870/rmip.vi.456 · Cited by 3
Zhao, Y., & Hernández‐Orallo, J. (2024) · Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/0952813x.2024.2361408 · Cited by 5
“The sociality of an agent in a team or community, from fully selfish to more altruistic (Eckel & Grossman, 1996), has always been the subject of research in economics, game theory, evolutionary theory, and sociology.”
Khan, H., & Ahmed, A. D. (2014) · Corporate Ownership and Control · doi:10.22495/cocv12i1c1p6 · Cited by 2
“ ,0 ,0 R R R R R V R max R E P max E P R (15)”
Observations of Non-linear Information Consumption in Crowdfunding
Gleasure, R., & Feller, J. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13817-6_36 · Cited by 2
“Such an evaluation of ‘deservingness’ often impacts significantly on the nature of charitable donations (Eckel and Grossman 1996).”
BackgroundThe Virtual Self: Avatar and Individual Determinants of Mood
Wang, I., Rouse, S. V., & Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J. (2017) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn22.1.29 · Cited by 2
Le jeu de l’ultimatum, une méta-analyse de 30 années de recherches expérimentales
Tisserand, J.-C. (2017) · L Actualité économique · doi:10.7202/1039879ar · Cited by 2
Rent extraction and prosocial behavior
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“Regarding the personal factors, personality traits [29], age, and gender [30] can influence the adherence to the norms conveyed by the context, such as fairness [3,24].”
BackgroundZitzmann, I. (2019) · Schriftenreihe Logistik und Supply Chain Management · doi:10.20378/irb-47074 · Cited by 2
Pointner, S., & Franzén, A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-01164-2_26 · Cited by 2
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“This effect has also been observed by Eckel and Grossman (1996) in a different context: When an anonymous subject in the role of the recipient is replaced by an established charity, in this case the American Red Cross, donations will triple.”
BackgroundExpected Generosity in One-shot Interactions
Brañas‐Garza, P., & Rodríguez-Lara, I. (2014) · Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) · Cited by 2
Power, Hierarchy and Social PreferencesPreprint
Bosco, L. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1089470 · Cited by 2
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Schneider, M., & Sircar, N. (2016) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 2
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Cagala, T., Glogowsky, U., Grimm, V., et al. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3112049 · Cited by 2
“…a widely-used experimental design that studies contributions to a naturally occurring public good by eliciting choices in a modified dictator game (Eckel and Grossman, 1996; Benz and Meier, 2008; de Oliveira et al., 2011; Voors et al., 2012).6 Specifically, subjects in the experiment make…”
BackgroundTHE IMPACTS OF STRESS ON ECONOMIC DECISIONSPreprint
Hohman, Z. P., Hudson, M. A., Williams, R., Harris, B. N., Alquist, J. L., Mitchell‐McCallister, D., Niedbala, E. M., & Price, M. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3249793 · Cited by 2
“Altruism, expectations, fairness, reciprocity, etc. were all examined (see, e.g., Suleiman, 1996; Eckel and Grossman, 1996; Falk and Fischbacher, 2006), as well as more complex issues like bounded rationality (Camerer and Fehr, 2006; Lusk and Hudson, 2004).”
Love the Job... Or the Patient? Task vs. Mission-Based Motivations in HealthcarePreprint
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O’Connor, B. B., Lee, K. S., Campbell, D. S., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2xfsz · Cited by 2
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Siddique, A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4016976 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Wayne State University (US)
- Venue
- Games and Economic Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-10
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 181-191
- ISSN
- 0899-8256 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2099209125
- Cited by
- 1,126
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 24.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- papers.ssrn.com
- Locations
- Games and Economic Behavior (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Game Theory and Voting Systems
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Keywords
- altruism, fairness, deservingness, charitable giving, donation behavior
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