Bile Acid-Activated Receptors: GPBAR1 (TGR5) and Other G Protein-Coupled Receptors
Abstract
The BA-responsive GPCRs S1PR2 and TGR5 are almost ubiquitously expressed in human and rodent tissues. In the liver, S1PR2 is expressed in all cell types, while TGR5 is predominately found in non-parenchymal cells. In contrast to S1PR2, which is mainly activated by conjugated bile acids (BAs), all BAs serve as ligands for TGR5 irrespective of their conjugation state and substitution pattern.Mice with targeted deletion of either S1PR2 or TGR5 are viable and develop no overt phenotype. In liver injury models, S1PR2 exerts pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects and thus aggravates liver damage, while TGR5 mediates anti-inflammatory, anti-cholestatic, and anti-fibrotic effects. Thus, inhibitors of S1PR2 signaling and agonists for TGR5 have been employed to attenuate liver injury in rodent models for cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis.In biliary epithelial cells, both receptors activate a similar signaling cascade resulting in ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Overexpression of both S1PR2 and TGR5 was found in human cholangiocarcinoma tissue as well as in CCA cell lines, where stimulation of both GPCRs resulted in transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and triggered cell proliferation as well as increased cell migration and invasiveness.This chapter will focus on the function of S1PR2 and TGR5 in different liver cell types and summarizes current knowledge on the role of these receptors in liver disease models.
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Some secondary bile acids impact host physiology through interaction with host nuclear receptors including FXR, LXR, PXR, and specific G-protein coupled receptors like TGR5.
“Following systemic adsorption, some secondary BAs in turn impact host physiology though interaction with a variety of host nuclear receptors including FXR, liver X receptor (LXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and specific G-protein coupled receptors like TGR5 (Figure 1)40–44.”
From Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease. (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
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Self-citationRole of a novel bile acid receptor TGR5 in the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma
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Endocrine and paracrine role of bile acids
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Self-citationSphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
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Role of TGR5 (GPBAR1) in Liver Disease
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TGR5: Pathogenetic Role and/or Therapeutic Target in Fibrosing Cholangitis?
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Hydrophobic Bile Salts Induce Hepatocyte Shrinkage via NADPH Oxidase Activation
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Self-citationRole of the G Protein-Coupled Bile Acid Receptor TGR5 in Liver Damage
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Self-citationAutosomal-Recessive Hearing Impairment Due to Rare Missense Variants within S1PR2
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Self-citation2‐Phenoxy‐nicotinamides are Potent Agonists at the Bile Acid Receptor GPBAR1 (TGR5)
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Hepatobiliary Transport in Health and Disease
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease.
Witkowski, M., Weeks, T. L., & Hazen, S. L. (2020) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.120.316242 · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
Role of bile acids in inflammatory liver diseases
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Bile Acid Receptors and the Gut–Liver Axis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
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[Retracted] A Review of Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling in Cognitive Dysfunction‐Related Diseases
Weng, Z.-B., Chen, Y.-R., Lv, J.-T., Wang, M.-X., Chen, Z.-Y., Zhou, W., Shen, X.-C., Zhan, L.-B., & Wang, F. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/4289383 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“TGR5 is a trans-membrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for BAs that is widely expressed in the epithelial cells of multiple tissues, including in the intestine, spleen, cholangiocytes, gallbladder, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, and hepatic macrophages [56].”
Retracted
- Authors
- Keitel, V., Stindt, J., & Häussinger, D.
- Affiliations
- Düsseldorf University Hospital (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Keitel, Verena
- Venue
- Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 256
- Pages
- 19-49
- ISSN
- 0171-2004 (ISSN-L)
- 1865-0325
- OpenAlex
- W2957011968
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 23.11
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Handbook of experimental pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Keywords
- S1PR2, TGR5, G protein-coupled receptors, bile acid conjugates, liver injury, liver fibrosis, cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cholangiocytes, ERK signaling, cholangiocarcinoma, epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation, cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion
- MeSH terms
- Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors, Animals, Bile Acids and Salts, Bile Duct Neoplasms, Humans, Liver, Liver Diseases, Cholangiocarcinoma, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Receptors, Lysosphingolipid, Mice
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