Cited by 3,010Social Power and Status DynamicsJob Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorSocial and Intergroup Psychology

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What Should Be Done with Equity Theory?

Leventhal, Gerald S.·1980·Social Exchange

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4613-3087-5_2

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Items 701–800 of 1,004

Consumer Rights: An Assessment of Justice
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“Leventhal (1980) provides a framework of procedural”
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When Equity Seems Unfair: The Role of Justice Enforceability in Temporary Team Coordination
Valentine, M. (2017) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2016.1101 · Cited by 55
“Leventhal (1980) defined procedural justice as including an “accuracy rule,” which refers to people’s perceptions that authorities’ decisions were based on accurate information.”
Background
Are Supervision Practices Procedurally Fair? Development and Predictive Utility of a Procedural Justice Measure for Use in Community Corrections Settings
Blasko, B. L., & Taxman, F. S. (2018) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854817749255 · Cited by 51
“…to the favorability of the disposition that a person receives at the end of an encounter, and (b) procedural justice, or process-based satisfaction, which is whether an individual approves of how a decision maker arrived at the outcome (Leventhal, 1980; Lind & Tyler, 1988; Tyler & Lind, 1992).”
Unpacking perceived organizational justice-organizational cynicism relationship: Moderating role of psychological capital
Hussain, S., & Shahzad, K. (2021) · Asia Pacific Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.apmrv.2021.03.005 · Cited by 56
Reactions to unjust dismissal and third-party dispute resolution: A justice framework
Youngblood, S. A., Treviño, L. K., & FAVIA, M. J. (1992) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1007/bf01388306 · Cited by 48
Procedural Justice as Modernism: Placing Industrial/Organisational Psychology in Context
Pearce, J. L., Bigley, G. A., & Branyiczki, I. (1998) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1998.tb00034.x · Cited by 49
Contact points and flash points: Conceptualizing the use of justice mechanisms in the performance appraisal interview
Holbrook, R. L. (2002) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/s1053-4822(01)00053-5 · Cited by 49
Justice in Teams: The Effects of Interdependence and Identification on Referent Choice and Justice Climate Strength
Roberson, Q. M. (2006) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-006-0010-z · Cited by 50
Procedural Justice and the Allocation of Power in Intergroup Relations: Studies in the United States and South Africa
Azzi, A. E. (1992) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167292186010 · Cited by 50
Fairness, Justice, and Legitimacy: Experiences of People's Judges in South Russia
Machura, S. (2003) · Law & Policy · doi:10.1046/j.1467-9930.2003.00143.x · Cited by 48
Assessing determinants of departmental innovation
Mohamed, M. A. K. (2002) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/00483480210438799 · Cited by 48
Does Moral Conviction Really Override Concerns About Procedural Justice? A Reexamination of the Value Protection Model
Napier, J. L., & Tyler, T. R. (2008) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-008-0083-y · Cited by 51
Proposition d'une mesure de la reconnaissance : une approche par la justice perçue
Brillet, F., Coutelle, P., & Hulin, A. (2013) · Revue de gestion des ressources humaines · doi:10.3917/grhu.089.0003 · Cited by 48
Community Benefits or Community Bribes? An Experimental Analysis of Strategies for Managing Community Perceptions of Bribery Surrounding the Siting of Renewable Energy Projects
Walker, B. J. A., Russel, D., & Kurz, T. (2015) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916515605562 · Cited by 53
Female Executives and Perceived Employer Attractiveness: On the Potentially Adverse Signal of Having a Female CHRO Rather Than a Female CFO
Iseke, A., & Pull, K. (2017) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3640-1 · Cited by 50
The interactive effects of justice perceptions and Islamic work ethic in predicting citizenship behaviors and work engagement
Farid, T., Iqbal, S., Jawahar, I. M. “., Ma, J., & Khan, M. K. (2018) · Asian Business & Management · doi:10.1057/s41291-018-00049-9 · Cited by 55
Making the case for procedural justice: employees thrive and work hard
Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2020) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-03-2019-0154 · Cited by 61
“consistent and accurate, unbiased, correctable if necessary, take into account stakeholders’ concerns, and based on ethical norms (Leventhal, 1980).”
Background
Examining Justice Climate: Issues of Fit, Simplicity, and Content
Ambrose, M. L., & Schminke, M. J. (2007) · Research in multi-level issues · doi:10.1016/s1475-9144(07)06018-3 · Cited by 48
“A concern for justice is only one of many motivational forces that influence individuals at work (Greenberg, 2001; Leventhal, 1980; Lind, 2001).”
Background
Relational Justice in Organizations: The Group-Value Model and Support for Change
Sousa, F. H., & Vala, J. (2002) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1019967705790 · Cited by 49
Unfamiliarity and Procedural Justice: Litigants' Attitudes Toward Civil Justice in Southern China
He, X., & Feng, J. (2021) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12525 · Cited by 49
“Procedural justice refers to whether the process and manner of the decisionmaking is fair (Leventhal 1980: 30).”
Background
How living in economically unequal societies shapes our minds and our social lives
Peters, K., & Jetten, J. (2023) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12632 · Cited by 58
A multilevel study of the relationship between organizational justice and affective commitment
Ohana, M. (2014) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-05-2013-0073 · Cited by 48
Explaining Cooperative Behavior in Building and Civil Engineering Projects’ Claims Process: Interactive Effects of Outcome Favorability and Procedural Fairness
Aibinu, A. A., Ofori, G., & Ling, F. Y. Y. (2008) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(2008)134:9(681 · Cited by 47
Supervisor Appraisal as the Link Between Family–Work Balance and Contextual Performance
Carlson, D. S., Witt, L. A., Zivnuska, S., Kacmar, K. M., & Grzywacz, J. G. (2008) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-008-9083-z · Cited by 48
“However, the justice judgment model (Leventhal 1980) suggests that decisionmaking such as that involved in performance appraisals is a complex process in which decision-makers consider multiple sources of information in various decision-making stages when drawing conclusions.”
Conceptualisation et mesure de la qualité perçue d'un service public
Sabadie, W. (2003) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) · doi:10.1177/076737010301800101 · Cited by 58
Realization of a Sustainable High-Performance Organization through Procedural Justice: The Dual Mediating Role of Organizational Trust and Organizational Commitment
Ha, J.-C., & Lee, J.-W. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14031259 · Cited by 50
Managerial Accounts and Fairness Perceptions in Conflict Resolution: Differentiating the Effects of Minimizing Responsibility and Providing Justification
Agar, S., Meyer, J. P., Bobocel, D. R., & Irving, P. G. (1998) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2002_5 · Cited by 51
Procedural fairness and profit seeking: The perceived legitimacy of market exploitation
Bies, R. J., Tripp, T. M., & Neale, M. A. (1993) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.3960060403 · Cited by 47
Call center satisfaction and customer retention in a co‐branded service context
Keiningham, T. L., Aksoy, L., Andreassen, T. W., Cooil, B., & Wahren, B. J. (2006) · Managing Service Quality · doi:10.1108/09604520610663499 · Cited by 47
The Fairness of Formal Budgetary Procedures and Their Enactment
Little, H. T., Magner, N. R., & Welker, R. B. (2002) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10501102027002003 · Cited by 46
“Group & Organization Management, Vol. 27 No. 2, June 2002 209-225 © 2002 Sage Publications 209 Early procedural justice research (e.g., Leventhal, 1980; Thibaut & Walker, 1975) focused on norms regarding formal decision-making procedures.”
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Paving the road to preferential treatment with good intentions: Empathy, accountability and fairness
Blader, S. L., & Rothman, N. B. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.09.001 · Cited by 45
Beyond Confused Noise: Ideas Toward Communicative Procedural Justice
Hillier, J. (1998) · Journal of Planning Education and Research · doi:10.1177/0739456x9801800102 · Cited by 50
The study of compensation systems through the lens of self-determination theory: Reconciling 35 years of debate.
Gagné, M., & Forest, J. (2008) · Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0012757 · Cited by 232
Differentiated Distributive Justice Preferences? Configurations of Preferences for Equality, Equity and Need in Three Welfare Domains
Hootegem, A. V., Abts, K., & Meuleman, B. (2020) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-020-00354-9 · Cited by 46
Procedural justice in promotion decisions of managerial staff in Malaysia
Hooi, L. W., Sulaiman, M. Z., & Omar, A. (2011) · Asia Pacific Business Review · doi:10.1080/13602380903424167 · Cited by 56
“Procedural justice refers to the perceived quality of decision-making procedures (Leventhal 1980) or the perceived fairness of the procedures concerned with making and Asia Pacific Business Review 101”
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Industrial Wind Turbine Development and Loss of Social Justice?
Krogh, C. M. E. (2011) · Bulletin of Science Technology & Society · doi:10.1177/0270467611412550 · Cited by 49
“…there is no one account of procedural justice upon which there is consensus, the criteria for what constitutes a fair procedure advanced by Leventhal (1980) enjoy considerable support and have been used in numerous research studies on the subject (Tyler, Boeckmann, Smith, & Huo, 1997).”
BackgroundMethod
Employee Age Alters the Effects of Justice on Emotional Exhaustion and Organizational Deviance
brienza, J. P., & Bobocel, D. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00479 · Cited by 54
“Instrumental theories of procedural justice (e.g., Leventhal, 1976, 1980) emphasized the role of structural aspects of decision procedures that lead to perceptions of procedural justice (e.g., consistency of procedures, accuracy of information gathered).”
Background
Considering self‐interests and symbolism together: How instrumental and value‐expressive motives interact to influence supervisors’ justice behavior
Qin, X., Ren, R., Zhang, Z., & Johnson, R. E. (2017) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12253 · Cited by 46
"Was my contribution fairly reviewed?"
Germán, D. M., Robles, G., Poo-Caamaño, G., Yang, X., Iida, H., & Inoue, K. (2018) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion) · doi:10.1145/3180155.3180217 · Cited by 54
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Lee, Y. (2021) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-021-04804-5 · Cited by 51
“It refers to the extent to which organizational processes are made without bias and ensure accuracy, correctability, ethicality, and consistency in decision-making processes (Leventhal, 1980).”
Background
The impact of downsizing on employees' affective commitment
Lee, J., & Corbett, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940610659542 · Cited by 47
“According to Cropanzano and Greenberg (1997), the literature on formal procedural justice suggests that a number of rules influence employees’ perceptions of formal procedural justice – the individual has a voice (Thibaut and Walker, 1975), and rules are applied consistently and free from bias, and are accurate, corre…”
Background
An empirical study of the dimensionality of organizational justice and its relationship with organizational citizenship behaviour in the Indian context
Gupta, V., & Singh, S. (2012) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.709188 · Cited by 49
“Procedural justice is concerned with voice during a decision-making process and influence over the outcome (Thibaut and Walker's 1975 ), or with adherence to fair process criteria such as consistency, lack of bias, correctability, representation, accuracy and ethicality (Leventhal 1980 ).”
Background
Procedural Justice and Psychological Effects of Criminal Proceedings: The Moderating Effect of Offense Type
Laxminarayan, M. (2012) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-012-0167-6 · Cited by 46
“Second, accuracy refers to the extent to which authorities base their decisions on the information they have received throughout the procedure (Leventhal, 1976).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Evolved Functions of Procedural Fairness: An Adaptation for Politics
Bøggild, T., & Petersen, M. B. (2015) · Evolutionary psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19671-8_12 · Cited by 45
“This literature has uncovered several criteria for what constitutes a widely perceived legitimate or “fair” decision-making process (Leventhal 1980; Tyler 1990).”
Background
Differential treatment within sports teams, leader–member (coach–player) exchange quality, team atmosphere, and team performance
van Breukelen, W., van der Leeden, R., Wesselius, W., & Hoes, M. (2010) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.735 · Cited by 46
Participation, Control, and Dominance in Communication Between Groups in Conflict: Analysis of Dialogues Between Jews and Palestinians in Israel
Maoz, I. (2001) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1012893003614 · Cited by 46
PROCEDURAL AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE IN THE EDITORIAL REVIEW PROCESS
Gilliland, S. W., & Beckstein, B. A. (1996) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1996.tb01589.x · Cited by 45
Seeing the Glass as Half Full or Half Empty: The Role of Affect-Induced Optimistic and Pessimistic States on Justice Perceptions and Outcomes
Hill, E. T., Matta, F. K., & Mitchell, M. S. (2020) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2018.1282 · Cited by 46
Spilling tea at the water cooler: A meta-analysis of the literature on workplace gossip
Wax, A., Rodriguez, W. A., & Asencio, R. (2022) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/20413866221112383 · Cited by 45
“Theoretically, via the lens of procedural justice theory (Leventhal, 1980; Leventhal et al., 1980; Thibaut & Walker, 1975), workplace gossip can be seen as both a standalone procedural justice event and as a response to another procedural justice event.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Procedural Justice in Carbon Capture and Storage
McLaren, D. P. (2012) · Energy & Environment · doi:10.1260/0958-305x.23.2-3.345 · Cited by 49
Justice organisationnelle, confiance et comportements de citoyenneté : test d'un modèle multi-sources multi-cibles de l'échange social au travail
Nasr, M. I., Akremi, A. E., & Vandenberghe, C. (2009) · Revue de gestion des ressources humaines · doi:10.3917/grhu.074.0003 · Cited by 57
Procedural Justice and Identification with Virtual Teams: The Moderating Role of Face-to-Face Meetings and Geographical Dispersion
Hakonen, M., & Lipponen, J. (2008) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-008-0070-3 · Cited by 46
“Procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of decision-making procedures (Leventhal, 1980).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Doing Justice Intelligently in Civil Society
Braithwaite, J. B. (2006) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00456.x · Cited by 45
“Procedural justice has been conceived in the literature as having a number of facets—including consistency, correctability, decision accuracy, impartiality, ethicality, and process control (Lind & Tyler, 1988; Leventhal, 1980)—but these facets tend to be moderately highly intercorrelated.”
Background
Performance-based pay, procedural justice and job performance for R&D professionals: evidence from the Taiwanese high-tech sector
Chien, M. S., Lawler, J., & Uen, J. (2010) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2010.509626 · Cited by 41
Multiple Dimensions of Organizational Justice and Work-Related Outcomes among Health-Care Professionals
Srivastava, U. R. (2015) · American Journal of Industrial and Business Management · doi:10.4236/ajibm.2015.511067 · Cited by 45
“To the While distributive justice is concerned with the perceived fairness of outcomes, procedural justice is related with the perceived fairness of procedures used to make decisions and whether the procedure is considered to be reliable, transparent, ethical, free of bias, accurate, correctable and without deception…”
Background
When Justice Promotes Injustice: Why Minority Leaders Experience Bias When They Adhere to Interpersonal Justice Rules
Muir, C. P., Carton, A. M., & Liu, J. T. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0275 · Cited by 47
Organisational justice protects against the negative effect of workplace violence on teachers’ sleep: a longitudinal cohort study
Gluschkoff, K., Elovainio, M. J., Hintsa, T., Pentti, J., Salo, P., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Vahtera, J. (2017) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2016-104027 · Cited by 45
What Do Online Complainers Want? An Examination of the Justice Motivations and the Moral Implications of Vigilante and Reparation Schemas
Grégoire, Y., Legoux, R., Tripp, T. M., Radanielina-Hita, M. L., Joireman, J. A., & Rotman, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-018-3850-1 · Cited by 51
“In addition, revenge may also conflict with some procedural justice perceptions related to voice, bias suppression, and accuracy of information (Leventhal 1980).”
Background
Make Me Want to Pay. A Three-Way Interaction Between Procedural Justice, Distributive Justice, and Power on Voluntary Tax Compliance
van Dijke, M., Gobena, L. B., & Verboon, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01632 · Cited by 57
“In particular, it is also relevant to consider the fairness of the procedures that are applied by authorities in enacting rules, resolving disputes, and allocating resources (i.e., procedural justice; Thibaut and Walker, 1975; Leventhal, 1980).”
BackgroundMethod
Demand And/oR Equity (DARE) method for planning bike-sharing
Durán-Rodas, D., Wright, B., Pereira, F. C., & Wulfhorst, G. (2021) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2021.102914 · Cited by 45
Demographics in Service Encounters: Effects of Racial and Gender Congruence on Perceived Fairness
Kulik, C. T., & Holbrook, R. L. (2000) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1007675010798 · Cited by 44
Justifications of Inequality: The Normative Basis of Pay Differentials in 31 Nations*
Evans, M., Kelley, J., & Peoples, C. D. (2010) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00738.x · Cited by 45
Untying the Knot: Do Personal and Organizational Determinants Influence Entrepreneurial Intentions?
Kickul, J. R., & Zaper, J. A. (2000) · Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1080/08276331.2000.10593289 · Cited by 45
“Leventhal (1980) has further extended Thibaut and Walker’s conceptualization of procedural justice by suggesting that there are at least six procedural rules that individuals use in judging fairness.”
Method
Satisfaction with Creativity: A Study of Organizational Characteristics and Individual Motivation
Sacchetti, S., & Tortia, E. (2013) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9410-y · Cited by 51
“Inclusion is supported and complemented by procedural and interactional fairness (Leventhal, 1980; Tyler & Blader, 2000).”
Background
'How Can I Help You?' Perceived Service Orientation of Tax Authorities and Tax CompliancePreprint
Gangl, K., Muehlbacher, S., de Groot, M., et al. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2271574 · Cited by 45
The School Counselor in Israel: An Agent of Social Justice?
Erhard, R., & Sinai, M. (2012) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-012-9148-6 · Cited by 45
Seeming Ethical Makes You Attractive: Unraveling How Ethical Perceptions of AI in Hiring Impacts Organizational Innovativeness and Attractiveness
Veiga, S. P. D. M., Figueroa-Armijos, M., & Clark, B. B. (2023) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-023-05380-6 · Cited by 55
Organizational justice and decision making
Eberlin, R. J., & Tatum, B. C. (2005) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/00251740510610035 · Cited by 44
Faultlines, Fairness, and Fighting: A Justice Perspective on Conflict in Diverse Groups
Spell, C. S., Bezrukova, K., Haar, J. M., & Spell, C. (2011) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496411402359 · Cited by 49
“The relative influence of distributive justice compared to other dimensions also lends support to the distributive dominance model of organizational justice (Leventhal, 1980) that predicts distributive justice will dominate others in relationship to a host of employee attitudes and behaviors.”
BackgroundResult
Overcoming the outcome bias: Making intentions matter
Sezer, O., Zhang, T., Francesca Gino, B., & Bazerman, M. H. (2016) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.001 · Cited by 43
“Independently, management scholars have also focused on the role of outcomes and procedures in predicting individuals’ sense of fairness and justice in a given environment (Brockner & Wiesenfeld, 1996; Cropanzano & Greenberg, 1997; Deutsch, 1985; Leventhal, 1980; Lind & Tyler, 1988; Thibaut & Walker, 1975).”
BackgroundInfluential
Relationships among Organisational Justice Perceptions, Adjustment, and Turnover of United States‐Based Expatriates
Siers, B. P. (2007) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00269.x · Cited by 44
Voice, Perceived Fairness, Agency Trust, and Acceptance of Management Decisions Among Minnesota Anglers
Schroeder, S. A., & Fulton, D. C. (2016) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2016.1238987 · Cited by 45
“Some explain desire for voice based on instrumental motivations, suggesting that voice provides stakeholders with greater control over outcomes (Leventhal 1980; De Cremer, Cornelis, and Van Hiel 2008).”
Background
Reconstructing the Concept of Diversity Climate – A Critical Review of Its Definition, Dimensions, and Operationalization
Cachat‐Rosset, G., Carillo, K., & Klarsfeld, A. (2017) · European Management Review · doi:10.1111/emre.12133 · Cited by 44
Organizational justice and psychological distress among permanent and non-permanent employees in Japan: a prospective cohort study
Inoue, A., Kawakami, N., Tsuno, K., Tomioka, K., & Nakanishi, M. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-012-9224-7 · Cited by 43
Visualizing fairness: distributional equity of urban green spaces for marginalized groups
Kim, J., Lee, K. J., & Thapa, B. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2021.1915258 · Cited by 44
“Environmental justice is inevitably linked to the issue of equity, which is a contextual and dynamic concept since the basic criteria to evaluate fairness are conditional (Leventhal 1980).”
Background
Using the Veil of Ignorance to align AI systems with principles of justice
Weidinger, L., McKee, K. R., Everett, R., Huang, S., Zhu, T., Chadwick, M. J., Summerfield, C., & Gabriel, I. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2213709120 · Cited by 52
Justice source and justice content: evaluating the fairness of organisational career management practices
Crawshaw, J. R. (2006) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2006.00006.x · Cited by 43
Analysing complaint intentions in online shopping: the antecedents of justice and technology use and the mediator of customer satisfaction
Wu, I., & Huang, C.-Y. (2013) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2013.866163 · Cited by 43
“Leventhal (1980) ﬁrst discussed procedural justice in non-legal contexts such as organisational settings and pointed out six evaluation criteria that perceived procedural fairness should meet.”
Background
Organizational Dissent as a Function of Organizational Justice
Goodboy, A. K., Chory, R. M., & Dunleavy, K. N. (2008) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824090802440113 · Cited by 43
“Leventhal ( 1980 ) proposed that the fairness of procedures is judged based on their consistency of application, prevailing ethical standards, the degree of their bias, accuracy, correctability, and the extent to which they represent all people concerned.”
Background
Feedback and Fairness: The Relationship Between Negative Performance Feedback and Organizational Justice
Chory, R. M., & Westerman, C. Y. K. (2009) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570310902856055 · Cited by 43
“Similarly, Leventhal (1980) cites the consistency rule (procedures should be applied consistently across people and over time) as a means by which procedural justice is judged.”
Background
Procedural injustice, police legitimacy, and officer gender: A vignette‐based test of the invariance thesis
Brown, K. L., & Reisig, M. D. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2439 · Cited by 45
Shared decision‐making and the nuances of clinical work: Concepts, barriers and opportunities for a dynamic model
Moleman, M., Regeer, B. J., & Schuitmaker‐Warnaar, T. J. (2020) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13507 · Cited by 44
Intra-household food distribution among Guatemalan families in a supplementary feeding program: Behavior patterns
Engle, P. L., & Nieves, I. (1993) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90349-9 · Cited by 43
Linking OD’s philosophy with justice theory: postmodern implications
Wooten, K. C., & White, L. P. (1999) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/09534819910255289 · Cited by 43
Understanding Employee Job Satisfaction: The Importance of Procedural and Distributive Justice
Schappe, S. P. (1998) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1025007307058 · Cited by 43
Just interests: Victims, citizens and the potential for justice
Holder, R. (2013) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d7396a4a9f5a · Cited by 41
Job seekers' attitudes toward cybervetting: Scale development, validation, and platform comparison
Cook, R., Jones‐Chick, R., Roulin, N., & O'Rourke, K. (2020) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12300 · Cited by 42
"I'm not sure what difference is between their content and mine, other than the person itself"
Ma, R., & Kou, Y. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555150 · Cited by 52
“Voice inclusion, both prior to and after authorities make decisions, matters to fairness perception [60,91].”
BackgroundInfluential
Impact of authentic leadership on employee turnover intention: Perceived supervisor support as mediator and organizational identification as moderator
Jun, K., Hu, Z., & Sun, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1009639 · Cited by 64
“For example, procedural justice criteria (Leventhal, 1980) are met by authentic leaders because they are open and transparent when they make decisions (e.g., Avolio et al., 2009).”
Background
This (AI)n’t fair? Employee reactions to artificial intelligence (AI) in career development systems
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“Justice literature emphasizes that interpersonal treatment, two-way communication, and the behavior of the HR personnel according to justice rules positively influence individual reactions to selection systems (e.g., Cropanzano et al. 2007; Gilliland 1993, 1994; Leventhal 1980).”
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“…(b) include bias suppression, (c) utilize accurate information, (d) ensure that employees feel they have the opportunity to correct inaccurate assessments, (e) represent employees who are affected by the distributions, and (f) be ethical in light of fundamental moral values (Leventhal, 1976, 1980).”
Background
The Impact of Individual Ethics on Reactions to Potentially Invasive HR Practices
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“Moreover, because procedural justice is valued, in part, for its instrumentality in achieving fair outcomes (Leventhal, 1980), it is likely that perceptions of procedural justice will enhance the expectancy that constructive work behaviors will be associated with desirable work outcomes (Cropanzano…”
Background
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How do people judge fairness in supervisor and peer relationships? Another assessment of the dimensions of justice
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“Based on the seminal work of Leventhal (1980), in order to be considered fair, a process must be: (a) consistently applied, (b) free from personal bias, (c) correctable if in error, (d) accurate, (e) representative of the concerns of all parties affected, and (f) consistent with ethical standards.”
BackgroundMethod
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The mediating role of procedural justice on the relationship between job analysis and employee performance in Jordan Industrial Estates
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“These measures should be representative of the interests of all beneficiaries, in addition to being based on established ethics (Leventhal, 1980).”
Background
Injustice Without Evidence: The Unique Role of Conspiracy Theories in Social Justice Research
van Prooijen, J. (2021) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-021-00376-x · Cited by 48
“…increase feelings of procedural justice among followers by using decision-making procedures that includes a range of procedural justice criteria (Leventhal, 1980), mitigating unfounded beliefs that authorities run an organized network to perform satanic rituals or sexually molest children is…”
Background

Authors: Leventhal, G. S.
Affiliations: Wayne State University (US)
Corresponding author: Leventhal, Gerald S.
ORCID: Leventhal, Gerald S.
Venue: Social Exchange
Publisher: Springer US
Published: 1980
Pages: 27-55
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3087-5_2
OpenAlex: W1526225581
Cited by: 3,010
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 130 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 114 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 93 · 2012: 129
FWCI: 16.34
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: equity theory, reward allocation, resource allocation, social systems, organizational justice, punishment

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