Cited by 3,010Social Power and Status DynamicsJob Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorSocial and Intergroup Psychology

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What Should Be Done with Equity Theory?

Leventhal, Gerald S.·1980·Social Exchange

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4613-3087-5_2

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Do CEOs Ever Lose? Fairness Perspective on the Allocation of Residuals Between CEOs and Shareholders
Kolev, K. D., Wiseman, R. M., & Gómez‐Mejía, L. R. (2014) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314535437 · Cited by 35
“Procedural justice concerns the fairness in allocation processes (Leventhal, 1980; Leventhal, Karuza, & Fry, 1980; Thibaut & Walker, 1975).”
Background
Alternative Dispute Resolution in Trial and Appellate Courts
MacCoun, R. J., Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4038-7_6 · Cited by 36
Expanding the View of Performance Appraisal by Introducing Social Justice Concerns
Boyd, N. M. (2004) · Administrative Theory & Praxis · doi:10.1080/10841806.2004.11029446 · Cited by 35
“Leventhal and colleagues have been credited with importing the concept to organizational settings from the legal literature (Leventhal, 1980).”
Background
Einstellungen zur sozialen Mindestsicherung
Liebig, S., & Mau, S. (2002) · KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie · doi:10.1007/s11577-002-0005-1 · Cited by 35
Experiences of Burnout among Drug Counselors in A Large Opioid Treatment Program: A Qualitative Investigation
Beitel, M., Oberleitner, L., Muthulingam, D., Oberleitner, D., Madden, L. M., Marcus, R., Eller, A., Bono, M. H., & Barry, D. T. (2018) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2018.1449051 · Cited by 34
Artificial Intelligence Can’t Be Charmed: The Effects of Impartiality on Laypeople’s Algorithmic Preferences
Claudy, M. C., Aquino, K., & Graso, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.898027 · Cited by 34
Social value orientation and regulatory compliance in Ugandan public procurement
Ntayi, J. M., Ngoboka, P., Mutebi, H., & Sitenda, G. (2012) · International Journal of Social Economics · doi:10.1108/03068291211263925 · Cited by 35
Procedural fairness in lotteries assigning initial roles in a dynamic setting
Grimalda, G. F., Kar, A., & Proto, E. (2015) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-015-9469-5 · Cited by 38
“Outcome fairness looks either at the level of equality in final allocations, or to the degree to which final allocations reward individual contributions (Leventhal, 1980; Konow, 2003).”
Background
An unsettled bargain? Mothers’ perceptions of justice and fairness in paid work
Yerkes, M. A., Martin, B., Baxter, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/1440783317696361 · Cited by 34
The Strain From Procedural Injustice on Parolees: Bridging Procedural Justice Theory and General Strain Theory
Liu, L., Visher, C. A., & O’Connell, D. J. (2019) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128719839376 · Cited by 34
“Procedural justice (Leventhal, 1980; Lind & Tyler, 1988; Thibaut & Walker, 1975; Tyler, 1990) is formulated to explain people’s conformity to the law.”
Background
The importance of being psychologically empowered: Buffering the negative effects of employee perceptions of leader–member exchange differentiation
Emery, C., Booth, J. E., Michaelides, G., & Swaab, A. J. (2019) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12266 · Cited by 34
“Additionally, PLMXD goes against the leader’s supposed neutrality (Leventhal, 1980).”
BackgroundInfluential
Interlinking open science and community-based participatory research for socio-environmental issues
Kondo, Y., Miyata, A., Ikeuchi, U., Nakahara, S., Nakashima, K., Ōnishi, H., Osawa, T., Ota, K., Sato, K., Ushijima, K., et al. (2019) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2019.07.001 · Cited by 35
Contributive Justice: An Invisible Barrier to Workplace Inclusion
Roberson, Q. M., & Scott, W. (2022) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063221116089 · Cited by 39
Fairness and Nanotechnology Concern
McComas, K. A., & Besley, J. C. (2011) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01676.x · Cited by 34
In justice we trust: A model of the role of trust in the organization in applicant reactions to the selection process
Celani, A., Salamon, S. D., & Singh, P. (2008) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.04.002 · Cited by 35
Distributive and procedural justice: Multifaceted meanings and interrelations
Folger, R. G. (1996) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf02196992 · Cited by 34
Coping with work-family conflict: The reciprocal and additive contributions of personal coping and organizational family-friendly support
Somech, A., & Drach‐Zahavy, A. (2012) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2012.660361 · Cited by 41
“Support for the reciprocal model may be obtained from equity theory (Adams, 1965), exchange theory (Homans, 1958), and more recently organizational justice theory (Greenberg, 1986; Leventhal, 1980).”
Method
The Psychology of Social Justice in Political Thought and Action
Rothmund, T., Becker, J. C., & Jost, J. T. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3216-0_15 · Cited by 37
Integration by Emerging Economy Multinationals: Perspectives from Chinese Mergers and Acquisitions
Muralidharan, E. K., Wei, W. X., & Liu, X. (2016) · Thunderbird International Business Review · doi:10.1002/tie.21850 · Cited by 35
The Impact of Organizational Justice on Climate and Trust in High Schools
DiPaola, M. F., & Guy, S. (2009) · Journal of School Leadership · doi:10.1177/105268460901900401 · Cited by 34
“Leventhal (1980) asserted that for an allocative process to be deemed fair, six procedural justice rules must be met, identified as consistency, bias suppression, accuracy, correctability, representativeness, and ethicality.”
Background
Customer satisfaction and organisational justice
Campbell, L. A., & Finch, E. F. (2004) · Facilities · doi:10.1108/02632770410547543 · Cited by 34
Technology and Policing: Implications for Fairness and Legitimacy
Neyroud, P., & Disley, E. (2008) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/pan017 · Cited by 34
Inequity, conflict, and compliance dilemma as causes of cyberloafing
Zoghbi‐Manrique‐de‐Lara, P. (2009) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/10444060910949630 · Cited by 34
When do leaders grant voice? How leaders’ perceptions of followers’ control and belongingness needs affect the enactment of fair procedures
Hoogervorst, N., De Cremer, D., & van Dijke, M. (2013) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726713482150 · Cited by 33
“…of procedural fairness (i.e. the extent to which authorities use fair procedures in allocating outcomes and in decision-making processes; Leventhal, 1980; Thibaut and Walker, 1975) play a crucial role in influencing a variety of attitudinal and behavioral outcomes that are important to…”
Background
Effects of Teachers’ Organizational Justice Perceptions on Intention to Quit: Mediation Role of Organizational Identification
Başar, U., & Sığrı, Ü. (2015) · Educational Sciences Theory & Practice · doi:10.12738/estp.2015.1.2326 · Cited by 33
“According to Leventhal, specific process elements such as selection of decision makers, setting ground rules for evaluating potential rewards, information gathering methods, procedures for defining the decision process, procedures for appeals, safeguards against abuse of power, and availability of change mechanisms ca…”
Background
Test of the Construct and Criteria Validity of a German Measure of Organizational Justice
Streicher, B., Jonas, E., Maier, G. W., et al. (2008) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.24.2.131 · Cited by 33
“Colquitt formulated the items building on some elementary work on organizational justice (Bies & Moag, 1986; Leventhal, 1976, 1980; Shapiro, Buttner & Barry, 1994; Thibaut & German measure of organizational justice 5 Walker, 1975).”
Background
Effects of Perceived Justice for Coaches on Athletes' Trust, Commitment, and Perceived Performance: A Study of Futsal and Volleyball Players
Nikbin, D., Hyun, S. S., Iranmanesh, M., & Foroughi, B. (2014) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1260/1747-9541.9.4.561 · Cited by 33
Trust and justice in the formation of joint consultative committees
Dietz, G., & Fortin, M. (2007) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190701391867 · Cited by 33
“…have been identified, including consistency across people and over time, the absence of bias, accuracy, mechanisms for correcting wrong decisions, adherence to prevalent conceptions of morality, and ‘representativeness’ (taking into account the opinions of all groups affected) (Leventhal, 1980).”
BackgroundInfluential
Role of the perceived justice of service recovery: A comparison of first-time and repeat visitors
Chen, P., & Kim, Y. G. (2017) · Tourism and Hospitality Research · doi:10.1177/1467358417704885 · Cited by 33
Developing an empirical typology of diversity-oriented human resource management practices
Meena, K., & Vanka, S. (2017) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/jmd-02-2016-0031 · Cited by 36
Speaking of Justice: A Qualitative Interview Study on Perceived Procedural Justice Among Defendants in Dutch Criminal Cases
Ansems, L. F. M., van den Bos, K., & Mak, E. (2020) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12499 · Cited by 38
“The procedural justice components our respondents put forward largely support the current literature, as all of these components can to some extent be recognized in relevant previous studies (e.g., Grootelaar 2018; Leventhal 1980; Lind and Tyler 1988; Tyler 1988).”
Background
Occupational stress and attitudes toward misconduct in law enforcement: The moderating role of organizational justice
Lawson, S. G., Wolfe, S. E., Rojek, J. J., & Alpert, G. P. (2021) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2021.1946395 · Cited by 36
Understanding Relations Between Perception of Fairness and Trust in Algorithmic Decision Making
Zhou, J., Verma, S., Mittal, M., & Chen, F. (2021) · 2021 8th International Conference on Behavioral and Social Computing (BESC) · doi:10.1109/besc53957.2021.9635182 · Cited by 36
Influence of Fair and Supportive Leadership Behavior on Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Meierhans, D., Rietmann, B., & Jonas, K. W. (2008) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185.67.3.131 · Cited by 35
The Self in Procedural Fairness
Sedikides, C., Hart, C. M., & Cremer, D. D. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00156.x · Cited by 34
Procedural justice to enhance compliance with non-work-related computing (NWRC) rules: Its determinants and interaction with privacy concerns
Son, J.-Y., & Park, J. P. (2016) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.12.005 · Cited by 33
“Leventhal (1980) No (this variable is more applicable to situations in”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
On-work or off-work relationship? An engagement model of how and when leader–member exchange and leader–memberguanxipromote voice behavior
Song, X., Wu, W., Hao, S., Lu, X., Zhang, Y., & Liu, Y. (2017) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-03-2017-0058 · Cited by 36
The satisfaction of non-family employees with High Involvement HR practices: evidence from family SMEs
Mustafa, M., Caspersz, D., Ramos, H. M., & Siew, C. M. M. (2018) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2017.1410005 · Cited by 33
Examining the Relationship between Organizational Justice and Job Performance
Krishnan, R., Koe, W.-L., Ahmad, N. A. F., & Yunus, N. A. S. (2018) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i3/3942 · Cited by 33
“This eventually makes the employees perceive justice towards their organization (Leventhal, 1980).”
Background
Culture-Inclusive Theories
Hwang, K. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108759885 · Cited by 33
Prior Experiences as Temporal Frames of Reference in Social Justice: The Influence of Previous Fairness Experiences on Reactions to New and Old Supervisors
van den Bos, K., Burrows, J. W., Umphress, E. E., Folger, R. G., Lavelle, J. J., Eaglestone, J., & Gee, J. (2005) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-005-7365-4 · Cited by 35
“In the accurate experience condition, participants experienced an accurate procedure (Leventhal, 1980; van den Bos et al., 1997): the supervisor, Rob, told participants that he would grade all 20 estimation items.”
Method
Fairness in Classroom Assessment: A Systematic Review
Baniasadi, A., صالحی, ک., Khodaie, E., Noaparast, K. B., & Izanloo, B. (2022) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-021-00636-z · Cited by 57
“According to Leventhal (1980), Colquitt (2001) introduces six criteria for judging the fairness of procedures in non-legal context, including consistency, bias suppression, accuracy of information, correctability, representation, and ethicality.”
Method
Moderating Effects of Nurses’ Organizational Justice Between Organizational Support and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors for Evidence‐Based Practice
Chang, C. (2014) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12054 · Cited by 32
Perceived Teacher Unfairness, Instrumental Goals, and Bullying Behavior in Early Adolescence
Lenzi, M., Vieno, A., Gini, G., Pozzoli, T., Pastore, M., Santinello, M., & Elgar, F. J. (2013) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260513511694 · Cited by 39
“A desire for fair treatment from the authority can be explained by an instrumental perspective (Leventhal, 1980)—opportunities to perceive that one's own opinion is heard gives control over one’s life.”
An Empirical Study of Knowledge Sharing Intention within Virtual Teams
Xue, Y., Liang, H., Hauser, R., & O’Hara, M. T. (2012) · International Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.4018/jkm.2012070103 · Cited by 32
Procedural Injustice in the System of Peer Review and Scientific Misconduct
Clair, J. A. (2014) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2013.0243 · Cited by 32
A Longitudinal Study of the Predictors of Perceived Procedural Justice in Australian University Staff
Pignata, S., Winefield, A. H., Provis, C., & Boyd, C. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01271 · Cited by 34
Public Engagement in Social-Ecological Systems Management: An Application of Social Justice Theory
Lauer, F. I., Metcalf, A. L., Metcalf, E. C., & Mohr, J. J. (2017) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2017.1364456 · Cited by 32
“Procedural justice was originally articulated and defined by Thibaut and Walker (1978) and Leventhal (1980).”
Background
Distributive and Procedural Justice and Political Trust in Europe
Schnaudt, C., Hahn, C., & Heppner, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2021.642232 · Cited by 43
“In addition, Leventhal (1980) proposes six justice rules for evaluating the fairness of allocation processes.”
Background
Legitimacy-Based Policing and the Promotion of Community Vitality
Tyler, T. R., & Nobo, C. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009308014 · Cited by 36
Mapping the Main Roads to Fairness: Examining the Managerial Context of Fairness Promotion
Long, C. P. (2015) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2749-3 · Cited by 32
The Impact of Pay-for-Performance Schemes on the Performance of Australian and Malaysian Government Employees
Taylor, J., & Beh, L. (2013) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2013.816523 · Cited by 32
“Leventhal (1980) mentioned several structural components that are thought to exist in individuals’ cognitive conceptualizations of a reward-allocation decision process.”
Background
"I Just Want to Be Fair": Interpersonal Justice in Intergenerational Transfers of Non-Titled Property
Stum, M. S. (1999) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/585079 · Cited by 32
Service Recovery in Marketing Education: It's What We Do That Counts
Iyer, R., & Muncy, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Marketing Education · doi:10.1177/0273475307312195 · Cited by 32
“Applying this framework, the three dimensions of perceived fairness in a service failure/recovery situation are distributive, interactional, and procedural justice (Adams, 1965; Goodwin & Ross, 1992; Greenberg, 1990; Leventhal, 1980; Smith, Bolton, & Wagner, 1999; Tax et al., 1998).”
Method
Winning the tournament for named professorships in management
Gómez‐Mejía, L. R., Treviño, L. J., & Mixon, F. G. (2009) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190903142316 · Cited by 32
“In the organizational justice literature, Leventhal (1980) defined the accuracy rule as decisions being based on as much good information as possible, and he suggested that procedural fairness is violated when performance is evaluated on the basis of inappropriate information.”
BackgroundResult
The Role of Psychological Climate on Public Sector Employees' Organizational Commitment: An Empirical Assessment for Three Occupational Groups
Hassan, S., & Rohrbaugh, J. (2011) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967494.2011.547818 · Cited by 32
“Current research in organizational justice suggests that employees' perceptions of organizational fairness include judgments about equity in the allocation of organizational resources (Adams 1965 ), the formal policies and procedures used in making decisions about allocating those resources (Leventhal 1976 ; 1980 ; Le…”
Background
Situational determinants of reward allocation: The equity–equality equilibrium model
Hysom, S. J., & Fişek, M. H. (2011) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.02.002 · Cited by 31
The importance of policy in perceptions of organizational justice
Brown, G., Bemmels, B., & Barclay, L. J. (2010) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726710362273 · Cited by 32
“…are a function of the perceived fairness of outcomes (distributive justice; Adams, 1965), the procedures used to derive outcomes (procedural justice; Leventhal, 1980; Thibaut and Walker, 1975), and the degree to which individuals are treated with interpersonal sensitivity (interactional justice;…”
BackgroundMethod
Assessing roadblocks to justice: A model of fair behavior in organizations
Ambrose, M. L., & Schminke, M. J. (2009) · Research in personnel and human resources management · doi:10.1108/s0742-7301(2009)0000028009 · Cited by 32
The role of procedural justice in the new product development process
Dayan, M., & Çolak, M. (2008) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/14601060810869866 · Cited by 33
Blind or Biased? Justitia's Susceptibility to Anchoring Effects in the Courtroom Based on Given Numerical Representations
Englich, B. (2006) · Law & Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9930.2006.00236.x · Cited by 34
Locus of Control as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Perceived Influence and Procedural Justice
Sweeney, P. D., McFarlin, D. B., & Cotton, J. L. (1991) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679104400402 · Cited by 31
Exploring and Explaining Non-Compliance with Community Supervision
Weaver, E., Piacentini, L., Moodie, K., & Barry, M. (2020) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azaa078 · Cited by 32
Enabling a service thinking mindset: practices for the global service ecosystem
Alkire, L., Russell‐Bennett, R., Previte, J., & Fisk, R. P. (2022) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-02-2022-0070 · Cited by 33
Workplace Relationships, Attitudes, and Organizational Justice: A Hospitality Shift Worker Contextual Perspective
Chan, S., & Jepsen, D. M. (2011) · Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism · doi:10.1080/15332845.2011.536939 · Cited by 31
The interactive effect of LMX and LMX differentiation on followers’ job burnout: evidence from tourism industry in Hong Kong
Lai, J. Y. M., Chow, C. W. C., & Loi, R. C. H. (2016) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1216875 · Cited by 38
Developing a model of tolerance in client–agency relationships in advertising
Davies, M. A. P., & Palihawadana, D. (2006) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2006.11072975 · Cited by 31
Cognitive Appraisal as a Mechanism Linking Negative Organizational Shocks and Intentions to Leave
Biggane, J. E., Allen, D. G., Amis, J., Fugate, M., & Steinbauer, R. (2016) · Journal of Change Management · doi:10.1080/14697017.2016.1219379 · Cited by 38
“The procedural dimension of fairness relates to the procedures and processes involved in decision-making and is assessed based on whether these are considered to be unbiased, consistent, accurate, correctable, and open to employee input (Leventhal, 1980; Thibaut & Walker, 1975).”
Background
The Perception of Just Culture Across Disciplines in Healthcare
von Thaden, T., Hoppes, M., Li, Y., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193120605001035 · Cited by 31
“Leventhal (Leventhal, 1980; Leventhal, et al., 1980) tested the perception of justice through generally applying these concepts, comparing a person’s experience of a process to the rules of the process.”
Background
The Sisyphean Fate of Government-Wide Performance Accountability Reforms
Yang, K. (2011) · Public Performance & Management Review · doi:10.2753/pmr1530-9576350108 · Cited by 31
“The fifth outcome is procedural justice, which refers to the perceived fairness of the methods, mechanisms, and processes used in making decisions (leventhal, 1980; lind & Tyler, 1988).”
Method
Organizational justice–affective commitment relationship in a team sport setting: The moderating effect of group cohesion
Ha, J.-P., & Ha, J. (2015) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2014.67 · Cited by 31
EMPLOYMENT AT‐WILL AND EMPLOYEE DISCHARGE: A JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE ON LEGAL ACTION FOLLOWING TERMINATION
Dunford, B. B., & Devine, D. J. (1998) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1998.tb00745.x · Cited by 31
The meaning of procedural fairness: A comparison of taxpayers’ and representatives’ views of their tax audits
Stalans, L. J., & Lind, E. A. (1997) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf02683306 · Cited by 31
Social Determinants of Perception: Power, Equity, and Status Effects in an Exchange Situation
Hegtvedt, K. A. (1988) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786836 · Cited by 31
Voluntariness of Association as a Moderator of the Importance of Procedural and Distributive Justice
Gordon, M. E., & Fryxell, G. E. (1989) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01234.x · Cited by 30
Social Comparison and Distributive Justice: East Asia Differences
Kim, T., Edwards, J. R., & Shapiro, D. L. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2326-1 · Cited by 32
“That is, people tend to perceive unfairness when their outcomes such as pay, promotion opportunity, and job security are less favorable than those received by a referent other (Leventhal 1980).”
Background
Assessing Government Intentions for Australian Water Reform Using a Social Justice Framework
Lukasiewicz, A., Bowmer, K. H., Syme, G. J., & Davidson, P. (2013) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2013.791903 · Cited by 30
“In order to determine possible ‘‘process rules’’ we used the criteria proposed by Leventhal (1980) for guaranteeing a fair process.”
Method
Social Psychology and Problem-Solving Courts: Judicial Roles and Decision Making
Wiener, R. L., & Georges, L. S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7403-6_1 · Cited by 29
Horizontal drilling, changing patterns of extraction, and piecemeal participation: Urban hydrocarbon governance in Colorado
Kroepsch, A. C. (2018) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.074 · Cited by 30
The contingent roles of perceived budget fairness, budget goal commitment and vertical information sharing in driving work performance
Nguyen, N. P., Evangelista, F. U., & Kieu, T. A. (2019) · Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies · doi:10.1108/jabes-06-2018-0026 · Cited by 46
“Research has suggested that employees are not only concerned with organizational inequality, but also the procedures for achieving outcomes (Leventhal, 1980).”
Background
Contract Enforcement for Claimants’ Satisfaction with Construction Dispute Resolution: Moderating Role of Shadow of the Future, Fairness Perception, and Trust
Zhang, L., Fu, Y., & Lu, W. (2020) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001981 · Cited by 31
No family left behind: Flexibility i-deals for employees with stigmatized family identities
Anand, S., & Mitra, A. (2021) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726721999708 · Cited by 32
“This is because fair leaders give employees voice (Leventhal, 1980) to question the status quo and to suggest changes for betterment of their working conditions.”
Background
Is it un‐American to view the police as illegitimate? The role of national identity in the legal socialization process
Wolfe, S. E., & McLean, K. D. (2021) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12434 · Cited by 29
Perception of Justice in Performance Appraisal and Effect on Satisfaction: Empirical Findings from Northern Cyprus Banks
Ibeogu, P. H., & Öztüren, A. (2015) · Procedia Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00359-7 · Cited by 30
“Included in the scale are factors of interactional justice (Bies & Moag, 1986; Bies & Shapiro, 1987) plus procedural justice (Greenberg, 1986; Leventhal, 1980; Thibaut & Walker, 1975).”
Background
On online repurchase intentions: Antecedents and the moderating role of switching cost
Chiu, C.-M., Fang, Y.-H., Cheng, H.-L., & Yen, C. (2013) · Human Systems Management · doi:10.3233/hsm-130796 · Cited by 28
An Exploratory Study of Student Perceptions of Which Classroom Policies Are Fairest
Duplaga, E. A., & Astani, M. (2010) · Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4609.2009.00241.x · Cited by 30
A cross-level study of transformational leadership and organizational affective commitment in the Korean Local Governments: Mediating role of procedural justice and moderating role of culture types based on competing values framework
Kim, H., & Kim, J. (2013) · Leadership · doi:10.1177/1742715013514880 · Cited by 33
Determinants and Consequences of Transfer Pricing Autonomy: An Empirical Investigation
Chen, C. X., Chen, S., Pan, F., & Wang, Y. (2014) · Journal of Management Accounting Research · doi:10.2308/jmar-50927 · Cited by 29
The Association Between Perceptions of Distributive Justice and Procedural Justice With Support of Treatment and Support of Punishment Among Correctional Staff
Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., & Barton-Bellessa, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Offender Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10509674.2011.552586 · Cited by 32
“The process for deciding important employee outcomes must be consistent, without biases, and based on accurate information (Leventhal, 1980).”
Background
The Impact of Justice and Self‐Serving Bias Explanations of the Perceived Fairness of Different Types of Selection Tests
Schmitt, N., Oswald, F. L., Kim, B. H., Gillespie, M. A., & Ramsay, L. J. (2004) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.0965-075x.2004.00271.x · Cited by 30
“Gilliland (1993) drew from literature on organizational justice theory (Folger & Greenberg, 1985; Leventhal, 1980; Thibaut & Walker, 1975) to formulate a justice perspective of the nature of various test reactions.”
Do career satisfaction and support mediate the effects of justice on organizational citizenship behaviour and counterproductive work behaviour
Jawahar, I., & Stone, T. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.1350 · Cited by 28
How perceptions and personal contact matter: The individual-level determinants of trust in police in Hungary
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“…for measuring procedural fairness with these questions is motivated by the work of Tyler and Wakslak (2004), who interpret non-discriminatory treatment as a procedural fairness norm, and Leventhal (1980), who argues that impartiality and equal treatment are fundamental norms of procedural fairness.”
Background
Nursing and justice as a basic human need
Johnstone, M. (2010) · Nursing Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.1466-769x.2010.00459.x · Cited by 30
The Influence of Eligibility on Employees' Reactions to Voluntary Workforce Reductions
DeWitt, R.-L., Treviño, L. K., & Mollica, K. A. (1998) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639802400502 · Cited by 29
Organisational justice and employee responses to employment equity
Esterhuizen, W. (2008) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 30
Exploring the black box of the contingent reward leadership–performance relationship: The role of perceived justice and emotional exhaustion
Gaudet, M., Tremblay, M., & Doucet, O. (2013) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2013.817056 · Cited by 33
“Employees perceive procedural justice when the authorities enable them to participate in important decisions, and when procedures leading to decisions are consistent, accurate, unbiased, correctable, representative of group concerns, and ethical (Leventhal, 1980; Thibault & Walker, 1975).”
Background
Role of Organizational justice in organizational commitment with moderating effect of employee work attitudes
Jawad, M. (2012) · IOSR Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.9790/487x-0543945 · Cited by 29
“[22] Leventhal, G.”
Effects of injustice in primary schools on students’ behavior and joy of learning
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Let’s Not Focus on Income Inequality
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Teachers’ Conceptions of Fairness in Classroom Assessment: An Empirical Study
Rasooli, A., Rasegh, A., Zandi, H., & Firoozi, T. (2023) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/00224871221130742 · Cited by 30
“Procedural justice examines the fairness of procedures for outcome distributions using principles such as accuracy, transparency, consistency, bias suppression, correctability, voice, and reasonableness (Leventhal, 1980).”

Authors: Leventhal, G. S.
Affiliations: Wayne State University (US)
Corresponding author: Leventhal, Gerald S.
ORCID: Leventhal, Gerald S.
Venue: Social Exchange
Publisher: Springer US
Published: 1980
Pages: 27-55
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3087-5_2
OpenAlex: W1526225581
Cited by: 3,010
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 130 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 114 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 93 · 2012: 129
FWCI: 16.34
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: equity theory, reward allocation, resource allocation, social systems, organizational justice, punishment

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