Cited by 93Fibroblast Growth Factor ResearchParathyroid Disorders and TreatmentsProtein Structure and Dynamics

The Structural Biology of the FGF19 Subfamily

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Beenken, Andrew, Mohammadi, Moosa·2012·Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Abstract

The ability of the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 19 subfamily to signal in an endocrine fashion sets this subfamily apart from the remaining five FGF subfamilies known for their paracrine functions during embryonic development. Compared to the members of paracrine FGF subfamiles, the three members of the FGF19 subfamily, namely FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23, have poor affinity for heparan sulfate (HS) and therefore can diffuse freely in the HS-rich extracellular matrix to enter into the bloodstream. In further contrast to paracrine FGFs, FGF19 subfamily members have unusually poor affinity for their cognate FGF receptors (FGFRs) and therefore cannot bind and activate them in a solely HS-dependent fashion. As a result, the FGF19 subfamily requires α/βklotho coreceptor proteins in order to bind, dimerize and activate their cognate FGFRs. This klotho-dependency also determines the tissue specificity of endocrine FGFs. Recent structural and biochemical studies have begun to shed light onto the molecular basis for the klotho-dependent endocrine mode of action of the FGF19 subfamily. Crystal structures of FGF19 and FGF23 show that the topology of the HS binding site (HBS) of FGF19 subfamily members deviates drastically from the common topology adopted by the paracrine FGFs. The distinct topologies of the HBS of FGF19 and FGF23 prevent HS from direct hydrogen bonding with the backbone atoms of the HBS of these ligands and accordingly decrease the HS binding affinity of this subfamily. Recent biochemical data reveal that the ?klotho ectodomain binds avidly to the ectodomain of FGFR1c, the main cognate FGFR of FGF23, creating a de novo high affinity binding site for the C-terminal tail of FGF23. The isolated FGF23 C-terminus can be used to effectively inhibit the formation of the FGF23-FGFR1c-αklotho complex and alleviate hypophosphatemia in renal phosphate disorders due to elevated levels of FGF23.

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  • FGF21 functions as an endocrine hormone that signals to distinct targets throughout the body.

    “As a non-canonical fibroblast growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) functions as an endocrine hormone that signals to distinct targets throughout the body.”

    From Metabolic messengers: FGF21 (2021) · cites this paper as [2]

  • The FGF19 subfamily of FGFs has reduced affinity for HSGAGs and diffuses into circulation to act on distal tissues, thus functioning as endocrine hormones.

    “Unlike traditional FGFs, however, the FGF19 subfamily of FGFs, consisting of FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, has reduced affinity for HSGAGs and diffuses into circulation to act on distal tissues (9, 106). Thus, these FGFs function as endocrine hormones.”

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Authors
Beenken, A., & Mohammadi, M.
Affiliations
New York University (US)
Corresponding author
Mohammadi, Moosa
Venue
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
Publisher
Springer US
Published
2012
Volume
728
Pages
1-24
ISSN
0065-2598 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1519326211
Cited by
93
References
143
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
FWCI
11.47
Type
book chapter
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Advances in experimental medicine and biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01DE013686)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
Keywords
FGF19, FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 23, hormone signaling, FGFR1c, crystal structure, hypophosphatemia, paracrine signaling
MeSH terms
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23, Klotho Proteins, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Endocrine System, Fibroblast Growth Factors, Glucuronidase, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Structure-Activity Relationship, Signal Transduction

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