Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics
Open accessAbstract
Strength and muscle characteristics were examined in biceps brachii and vastus lateralis of eight men and eight women. Measurements included motor unit number, size and activation and voluntary strength of the elbow flexors and knee extensors. Fiber areas and type were determined from needle biopsies and muscle areas by computerized tomographical scanning. The women were approximately 52% and 66% as strong as the men in the upper and lower body respectively. The men were also stronger relative to lean body mass. A significant correlation was found between strength and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA; P < or = 0.05). The women had 45, 41, 30 and 25% smaller muscle CSAs for the biceps brachii, total elbow flexors, vastus lateralis and total knee extensors respectively. The men had significantly larger type I fiber areas (4597 vs 3483 microns2) and mean fiber areas (6632 vs 3963 microns2) than the women in biceps brachii and significantly larger type II fiber areas (7700 vs 4040 microns2) and mean fiber areas (7070 vs 4290 microns2) in vastus lateralis. No significant gender difference was found in the strength to CSA ratio for elbow flexion or knee extension, in biceps fiber number (180,620 in men vs 156,872 in women), muscle area to fiber area ratio in the vastus lateralis 451,468 vs 465,007) or any motor unit characteristics. Data suggest that the greater strength of the men was due primarily to larger fibers. The greater gender difference in upper body strength can probably be attributed to the fact that women tend to have a lower proportion of their lean tissue distributed in the upper body.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Prior studies have proven significant differences in body composition and strength regarding gender, with males being at an advantage.
“Prior studies have proven that there are significant differences in body composition and strength regarding gender, with males being at an advantage [33–35].”
From Effects of nutrition and exercise interventions on persons with sarcopenic obesity: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
There is a clear sex difference in both muscle mass and strength even adjusting for sex differences in height and weight.
“There is a clear sex difference in both muscle mass and strength (102–104) even adjusting for sex differences in height and weight (104, 105).”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [103]
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- Authors
- Miller, A. E. J., MacDougall, J. D., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Sale, D. G.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Venue
- European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology
- Published
- 1993-03
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 254-262
- ISSN
- 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
- 0301-5548
- 1439-6327
- OpenAlex
- W2055302806
- Cited by
- 1,094
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 0.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MacSphere (McMaster University) (submittedVersion)
- MacSphere (McMaster University)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- sex differences, muscle strength, muscle fiber area, muscle fiber type, biceps brachii, vastus lateralis, muscle cross-sectional area, motor unit number, motor unit size, motor unit activation, lean body mass, elbow flexors, knee extensors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Height, Body Weight, Elbow, Electromyography, Extremities, Female, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Isotonic Contraction, Knee, Male, Motor Neurons, Muscles, Physical Education and Training, Physical Endurance, Sex Characteristics
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