Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 2,985

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Etiology and management of fecal incontinence

Jorge, Marcio J. N., Wexner, Steven D.·1993·Diseases of the Colon & Rectum
DOI 10.1007/bf02050307
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Fecal incontinence is a challenging condition of diverse etiology and devastating psychosocial impact. Multiple mechanisms may be involved in its pathophysiology, such as altered stool consistency and delivery of contents to the rectum, abnormal rectal capacity or compliance, decreased anorectal sensation, and pelvic floor or anal sphincter dysfunction. A detailed clinical history and physical examination are essential. Anorectal manometry, pudendal nerve latency studies, and electromyography are part of the standard primary evaluation. The evaluation of idiopathic fecal incontinence may require tests such as cinedefecography, spinal latencies, and anal mucosal electrosensitivity. These tests permit both objective assessment and focused therapy. Appropriate treatment options include biofeedback and sphincteroplasty. Biofeedback has resulted in 90 percent reduction in episodes of incontinence in over 60 percent of patients. Overlapping anterior sphincteroplasty has been associated with good to excellent results in 70 to 90 percent of patients. The common denominator between the medical and surgical treatment groups is the necessity of pretreatment physiologic assessment. It is the results of these tests that permit optimal therapeutic assignment. For example, pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies (PNTML) are the most important predictor factor of functional outcome. However, even the most experienced examiner's digit cannot assess PNTML. In the absence of pudendal neuropathy, sphincteroplasty is an excellent option. If neuropathy exists, however, then postanal or total pelvic floor repair remain viable surgical options for the treatment of idiopathic fecal incontinence. In the absence of an adequate sphincter muscle, encirclement procedures using synthetic materials or muscle transfer techniques might be considered. Implantation of a stimulating electrode into the gracilis neosphincter and artificial sphincter implantation are other valid alternatives. The final therapeutic option is fecal diversion. This article reviews the current status of the etiology and incidence of incontinence as well as the evaluation and treatment of this disabling condition.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/bf02050307

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 2 references

Research works printed but not linked: 238

  1. Elliot MS, Hancke E, Henry MM,et al. Faecal incontinence. Symposium. Int J Colorectal Dis 1987;2:173–86. · doi:10.1007/bf01649501
  2. Cheskin LJ, Schuster MM. Fecal incontinence. In: Hazzard WR, Andres R, Bierman EL, Blass JP, eds. Principles of geriatric medicine and gerontology. 2nd. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990:1143–5.
  3. Lahr CJ. Evaluation and treatment of incontinence. Practical Gastroenterol 1988;12:27–35.
  4. Welbourn H. Spina bifida children attending ordinary schools. BMJ 1975;1:142–5. · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5950.142
  5. Enck P, Bielefeldt K, Rathamann W, Purrmann J, Tschope D, Erckenbrecht JF. Epidemiology of faecal incontinence in selected patients groups. Int J Colorectal Dis 1991;6:143–6. · DOI
  6. Drossman DA, Sandler RS, Broom CM, McKee DC. Urgency and fecal soiling in people with bowel dysfunction. Dig Dis Sci 1986;31:1221–5. · DOI
  7. Mandelstam DA. Faecal incontinence. Social and economic factors. In: Henry MM, Swash M, eds. Coloproctology and the pelvic floor. Pathophysiology and management. London: Butterworths, 1984:217–22.
  8. Thomas TM, Egan M, Walgrove A, Meade TW. The prevalence of fecal and double incontinence. Community Med 1984;6:2l6–20.
  9. Henry MM. Pathogenesis and management of fecal incontinence in the adult. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1987;16:35–45. · doi:10.1016/s0889-8553(21)00479-9
  10. Snooks SJ, Swash M, Mathers SE, Henry MM. Effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor: a 5 year follow-up. Br J Surg 1990;77:1358–60. · DOI · Paper page
  11. Leigh RJ, Turnberg LA. Faecal incontinence: the unvoiced symptom. Lancet 1982;1:1349–51. · DOI
  12. Phillips SF, Giller J. The contribution of the colon to the electrolyte and water absorption in man. J Lab Clin Med 1973;81:733–46.
  13. Schiller LR. Faecal incontinence. Clin Gastroenterol 1986;15:687–704. · doi:10.1016/s0300-5089(21)00744-6
  14. Arhan P, Faverdin C, Persoz B,et al. Relationship between viscoelastic properties of the rectum and anal pressure in man. J Appl Physiol 1976;41:677–82. · doi:10.1152/jappl.1976.41.5.677
  15. Ihre T. Studies on anal function in continent and incontinent patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1974;9:1–80. · doi:10.1007/bf02892448
  16. Read NW, Harford WV, Schmulen AC, Read MG, Santa Ana C, Fordtran JS. A clinical study of patients with fecal incontinence and diarrhea. Gastroenterology 1979;76:747–56. · DOI · Paper page
  17. Womack NR, Morrison JF, Williams NS. The role of pelvic floor denervation in the etiology of idiopathic faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1986;73:404–7. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800730531
  18. Rasmussen O, Christensen B, Sorensen M, Tetzschner T, Christiansen J. Rectal compliance in the assessment of patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:650–3. · DOI
  19. Read NW, Haynes WE, Bartolo DC,et al. Use of anorectal manometry during rectal infusion of saline to investigate sphincter function in incontinent patients. Gastroenterology 1983;85:105–13. · DOI
  20. Bartolo DC, Jarrat JA, Read NW. The use of conventional electromyography to assess external sphincter neuropathy in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983;46:1115–8. · DOI
  21. Allen ML, Orr WC, Robinson MG. Anorectal functioning in fecal incontinence. Dig Dis Sci 1988;33:36–40. · doi:10.1007/bf01536628
  22. Denis PH, Colin R, Galmiche JP,et al. Elastic properties of the rectal wall in normal adults and in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1979;77:45–8. · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(79)80008-6
  23. Suzuki H, Fujoka M. Rectal pressure and rectal compliance in ulcerative colitis. Jpn J Surg 1982;12:79–81. · doi:10.1007/bf02469020
  24. Varma JS, Smith AN, Busuttil A. Correlation of clinical and manometric abnormalities of rectal function following chronic radiation injury. Br J Surg 1985;72:875–8. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800721107
  25. Devroede G, Vobecky S, Masse S,et al. Ischemicfecal incontinence and rectal angina. Gastroenterology 1982;83:970–80. · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(82)80063-2
  26. Batignani G, Monaci I, Ficari F, Tonelli F. What affects continence after anterior resection of the rectum? Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:329–35. · DOI
  27. Nasmyth DG, Johnston D, Godwin PG, Dixon MF, Smith A, Williams NS. Factors influencing bowel function after pouch anal anastomosis. Br J Surg 1986;73:469–73. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800730617
  28. Carmona JA, Ortiz H, Perez-Cabanas. Alterations in anorectal function after anterior resection for cancer of the rectum. Int J Colorectal Dis 1991;6:108–10. · doi:10.1007/bf00300205
  29. Suzuki H, Motsumoto K, Amuno J, Fujioka M, Honzumi M. Anorectal pressure and rectal compliance after low anterior resection. Br J Surg 1980;67:655–7. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800670917
  30. Williams NS, Price R, Johnston D. The long term effects of sphincter preserving operations for rectal carcinoma on function of the anal sphincter in man. Br J Surg 1980;67:203–8. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800670313
  31. Madoff RD, Orrom WI, Rothenberger DA, Goldberg SM. Rectal compliance: a critical reappraisal. Int J Colorectal Dis 1990;5:37–40. · doi:10.1007/bf00496148
  32. Parks AG. Anorectal incontinence. J R Soc Med 1975;68:681–90. · doi:10.1177/003591577506801105
  33. Wald A, Tunuguntla AK. Anorectal sensorimotor dysfunction in fecal incontinence and diabetes mellitus. Modification with biofeedback therapy. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1282–7. · DOI · Paper page
  34. Goligher JC, Hughes ES. Sensibility of the rectum and colon: its role in the mechanism of anal incontinence. Lancet 1951;1:543–8. · DOI · Paper page
  35. Read NW, Abouzekry L. Why do patients with fecal impaction have fecal incontinence? Gut 1986;27:283–7. · DOI
  36. Hancke E, Schurholz M. Impaired rectal sensation in idiopathic faecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis 1987;2:146–8. · doi:10.1007/bf01647996
  37. Lubowski DZ, Nicholls RJ. Faecal incontinence associated with reduced pelvic sensation. Br J Surg 1988;75:1086–8. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800751112
  38. Buser WD, Miner PB Jr. Delayed rectal sensation with fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 1986;91:1186–91. · DOI
  39. Gowers WR. The automatic action of the sphincterani. Proc R Soc Lond 1877;26:77–84.
  40. Denny-Brown D, Robertson EG. An investigation of the nervous control of defecation. Brain 1935;58:256–310. · DOI · Paper page
  41. Duthie HL, Bennett RC. The relation of sensation in the anal canal to the functional sphincter length: a possible factor in anal continence. Gut 1963;4:179–82. · doi:10.1136/gut.4.2.179
  42. Duthie HL, Gairns FW. Sensory nerve endings and sensation in the anal region in man. Br J Surg 1960;47:585–95. · doi:10.1002/bjs.18004720602
  43. Miller R, Bartolo DC, Cervero F, Mortensen NJ. Anorectal sampling: a comparison of normal and incontinent patients. Br J Surg 1988;75:44–7. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800750116
  44. Roe AM, Bartolo DC, Mortensen NJ. New method for assessment of anal sensation in various anorectal disorders. Br J Surg 1986;73:310–2. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800730421
  45. Rogers J, Henry MM, Misiewicz JJ. Combined sensory and motor deficit in primary neuropathic fecal incontinence. Gut 1988;29:5–9. · doi:10.1136/gut.29.1.5
  46. Bielefeldt K, Enck P, Erckenbrecht JF. Sensory and motor function in the maintenance of anal continence. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:674–8. · doi:10.1007/bf02150743
  47. Cornes H, Bartolo DC, Stirra T. Changes in anal canal sensation after childbirth. Br J Surg 1991;78:74–7. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800780123
  48. Miller R, Bartolo DC, Cervero F, Mortensen NJ. Differences in anal sensation in continent and incontinent patients with perineal descent. Int J Colorectal Dis 1989;4:45–9. · doi:10.1007/bf01648550
  49. Keighley MR. Abdominal mucosectomy reduces the incidence of soiling and sphincter damage after restorative proctocolectomy and J-pouch. Dis Colon Rectum 1987;30:386–90. · doi:10.1007/bf02555460
  50. Johnston D, Holdsworth PJ, Nasmyth DG,et al. Preservation of the entire anal canal in conservative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg 1987;74:940–5. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800741020
  51. King DW, Lubowski DZ, Cook TA. Anal canal mucosa in restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg 1989;76:970–2. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800760933
  52. O'Connell PR, Williams NS. Mucosectomy in restorative proctocolectomy. Br J Surg 1991;78:129–30. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800780202
  53. Wexner SD, James K, Jagelman DG. The double-stapled ileal reservoir and ileoanal anastomosis: a prospective review of sphincter function and clinical outcome. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:487–94. · doi:10.1007/bf02049935
  54. Ustach TJ, Tobon F, Hambrecht T, Bass DD, Schuster MM. Electrophysiological aspects of human sphincter function. J Clin Invest 1970;49:41–8. · DOI
  55. Dickinson VA. Maintenance of anal continence: a review of pelvic floor physiology. Gut 1978;19; 1163–74. · doi:10.1136/gut.19.12.1163
  56. Meunier P, Mollard P. Control of the internal anal sphincter (manometric study with human subjects). Pflugers Arch 1977;370:233–9. · doi:10.1007/bf00585532
  57. Lestar B, Penninckx F, Kerremans R. The composition of anal basal pressure. An in vivo and in vitro study in man. Int J Colorectal Dis 1989;4:118–22. · DOI
  58. Bennett RC, Duthie HL. The functional importance of the internal anal sphincter. Br J Surg 1964;51:355–7. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800510514
  59. Duthie HL, Watts JM. Contribution of the external anal sphincter to the pressure zone in the anal canal. Gut 1965;6:64–8. · DOI · Paper page
  60. Frenckner B, Euler CH. Influence of pudendal block on the function of the anal sphincters. Gut 1975;16:482–9. · doi:10.1136/gut.16.6.482
  61. Schweiger M. Method for determining individual contributions of voluntary and involuntary anal sphincters to resting tone. Dis Colon Rectum 1979;22:415–6. · DOI
  62. Gibbons CP, Trowbridge EA, Bannister JJ, Read W. Role of anal cushions in maintaining continence. Lancet 1986;1:886–7. · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90990-6
  63. Gibbons CP, Bannister JJ, Trowbridge EA, Read NW. An analysis of anal sphincter pressure and anal compliance in normal subjects. Int J Colorectal Dis 1986;1:231–7. · doi:10.1007/bf01648344
  64. Sun WM, Read NW, Donnelly TC. Impaired internal anal sphincter in a subgroup of patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 1989;97:130–5. · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(89)91425-x
  65. Sun WM, Read NW, Miner PB, Kerrigan DD, Donnelly TC. The role of transient internal sphincter relaxation in faecal incontinence? Int J Colorectal Dis 1990;5:31–6. · doi:10.1007/bf00496147
  66. Goligher J. Surgery of the anus rectum and colon. Eastbourne: Bailliere Tindall, 1984:1–47.
  67. Shafik A. A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. I. The external anal sphincter: a triple loop system. Invest Urol 1975;12:412.
  68. Russell KP. Anatomy of the pelvic floor, rectum and anal canal. In: Smith LE. Practical guide to anorectal testing. New York: Igaku-Shoin Medical Publishers, 1991;744–7.
  69. Schuster MM. The riddle of the sphincters. Gastroenterology 1975;69:249–62. · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(19)32662-9
  70. Percy JP, Neill ME, Swash M, Parks AG. Electrophysiological study of motor nerve supply of pelvic floor. Lancet 1980;1:16–7.
  71. Neill ME, Parks AG, Swash M. Physiological studies of the anal sphincter musculature in fecal incontinence and rectal prolapse. Br J Surg 1981;68:531–6. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800680804
  72. Shafik A. A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. II. Anatomy of the levator ani muscle with special reference to puborectalis. Invest Urol 1975;13:175–82.
  73. Floyd WF, Walls EW. Electromyography of the sphincter ani externus in man. J Physiol 1953;122:599–609. · DOI · Paper page
  74. Parks AG, Swash M. Denervation of the anal sphincter causing idiopathic ano-rectal incontinence. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1979;24:94–6.
  75. Swash M. Histopathology of the pelvic floor muscles. In: Henry MM, Swash M, eds. Coloproctology and the pelvic floor. London: Butterworths, 1985:129–49.
  76. Phillips SF, Edwards DA. Some aspects of anal continence and defaecation. Gut 1965;6:396–406. · DOI · Paper page
  77. Schuster MM, Hookman P, Hendrix TR, Mendeloff AI. Simultaneous manometric recording to internal and external anal sphincter reflexes. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1965;116:79–88.
  78. Duthie HL. Anal continence. Progress report. Gut 1971;12:844–52. · doi:10.1136/gut.12.10.844
  79. Kuijpers HC, Strijk SP. Diagnosis of disturbances of continence and defecation. Dis Colon Rectum 1984;27:658–62. · DOI
  80. Parks AG, Porter NH, Hardcastle J. The syndrome of the descending perineum. J R Soc Med 1966;59:477–82. · DOI · Paper page
  81. Bartolo DC, Roe AM, Locke-Edmunds JC, Virjee J, Mortensen NJ. Flap-valve theory of anorectal continence. Br J Surg 1986;73:1012–4. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800731227
  82. Bannister JJ, Gibbons C, Read NW. Preservation of faecal continence during rises in intra-abdominal pressure: is there a role for the flap valve? Gut 1987;28:1242–5. · doi:10.1136/gut.28.10.1242
  83. Blaisdell PC. Repair of the incontinent sphincter ani. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1940;70:692–7.
  84. Stricker JW, Schoetz DJ Jr, Coller JA, Veidenheimer MC. Surgical correction of anal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1988;31:533–40. · doi:10.1007/bf02553727
  85. Cherry DA, Greenwald ML. Anal incontinence. In: Beck DE, Wexner SD, eds. Fundamentals of anorectal surgery. New York: McGraw Hill, 1992:104–30.
  86. Shouler PJ, Grimley RP, Keighley MR, Alexander-Williams J. Fistula in ano is usually simple to manage surgically. Int J Colorectal Dis 1986;1:113–5. · doi:10.1007/bf01648418
  87. Sainio P, Husa A. Fistula in ano. Clinical features and long term results of surgery in 199 adults. Acta Chir Scand 1985;151:169–76.
  88. Belliveau P, Thomson JP, Parks AG. Fistula in ano: a manometric study. Dis Colon Rectum 1983;26:152–4. · doi:10.1007/bf02560157
  89. Sainio P. A manometric study of anorectal function after surgery for anal fistula, with special reference to incontinence. Acta Chir Scand 1985;151:695–700.
  90. Williams JG, MacLeod CA, Rothenberger DA, Goldberg SM. Seton treatment of high anal fistulae. Br J Surg 1991;78:1159–61. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800781004
  91. Ramaniyam PS, Prasad ML, Abcarian H. The role of seton in fistulotomy of the anus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983;157:419–22.
  92. Rothenberger DA, Christenson CE, Balcos EG,et al. Endorectal advancement flap for treatment of simple rectovaginal fistula. Dis Colon Rectum 1982;25:297–300. · doi:10.1007/bf02553599
  93. Jones IT, Fazio VW, Jagelman DG. The use of transanal rectal advancement flaps in the management of fistulas involving the anorectum. Dis Colon Rectum 1987;30:919–23. · doi:10.1007/bf02554276
  94. Arabia Y, Gatehouse D, Alexander-Williams J,et al. Rubber band ligation or lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy for treatment of hemorrhoids. Br J Surg 1977;64:737–40. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800641014
  95. El-Gendi MA-F, Abdel-Baky N. Anorectal pressure in patients with symptomatic hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 1986;29:388–91. · DOI
  96. Deutsch AA, Moshkovitz M, Nudelman I, Dinari G, Reiss R. Anal pressure measurements in the study of hemorrhoid etiology and their relation to treatment. Dis Colon Rectum 1987;30:855–7. · DOI
  97. Roe AM, Bartolo DC, Vellacot KD, Locke-Edmunds J, McMortensen C. Submucosal versus excisional haemorrhoidectomy: a comparison of anal sensation, anal sphincter manometry and postoperative pain and function. Br J Surg 1987;74:948–51. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800741022
  98. Lord PH. A new regime for the treatment of haemorrhoids. J R Soc Med 1968;61:935. · doi:10.1177/003591576806100933
  99. Goligher JC, Graham NG, Clark CG, de Dombal FT, Giles G. The value of stretching the sphincters in relief of post haemorrhoidectomy pain. Br J Surg 1969;64:609. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800640902
  100. Hancock BD. Lord's procedure for haemorrhoids: a prospective anal pressure study. Br J Surg 1981;68:729–30. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800681017
  101. Snooks SJ, Henry MM, Swash M. Faecal incontinence after anal dilatation. Br J Surg 1984;71:617–8. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800710818
  102. Speakman CT, Burnett SJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Sphincter injury after anal dilatation demonstrated by anal endosonography. Br J Surg 1991;78:1429–30. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800781206
  103. Snooks SJ, Henry MM, Swash M. Faecal incontinence due to external anal sphincter division in childbirth is associated with damage to the innervation of the pelvic floor musculature: a double pathology. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985;92:824–8. · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1985.tb03053.x
  104. Thacker SB, Banta HD. Benefits and risks of episiotomy: an interpretative review of the English language literature, 1860–1980. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1983;38:322–38. · DOI · Paper page
  105. Haadem K, Dahlstrom JA, Ling L, Ohrlander S. Anal sphincter function after delivery rupture. Obstet Gynecol 1987;70:53–6.
  106. Harris RE. An evaluation of the median episiotomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1970;106:660–5. · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(70)90385-6
  107. Venkatesh KS, Ramanujam PS, Larson DM, Haywood MA. Anorectal complications of vaginal delivery. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:1039–41. · doi:10.1007/bf02553877
  108. Kaltreider DF, Dixon DM. Study of 710 complete lacerations following central episiotomy. South Med J 1948;41:814–20. · doi:10.1097/00007611-194809000-00011
  109. Roberts PL, Coller JA, Schoetz DJ Jr, Veidenheimer MC. Manometric assessment of patients with obstetric injuries and fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:16–20. · doi:10.1007/bf02053195
  110. Coats PM, Chan KK, Wilkins M, Beard RJ. A comparison between midline and mediolateral episiotomies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980;87:408–12. · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1980.tb04569.x
  111. Jacobs PP, Scheuer M, Kuijpers JH, Vingerhoets MH. Obstetric fecal incontinence: role of pelvic floor denervation and results of delayed sphincter repair. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:494–7. · doi:10.1007/bf02052145
  112. Neill ME, Swash M. Increased motor unit fibre density in the external anal sphincter muscle in anorectal incontinence: a single fibre EMG study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980;43:343–7. · doi:10.1136/jnnp.43.4.343
  113. Henry MM, Parks AG, Swash M. The pelvic floor musculature in the descending perineum syndrome. Br J Surg 1982;69:470–2. · DOI · Paper page
  114. Bartolo DC, Jarrat T, Read MG, Donnelly TC, Read NW. The role of partial denervation of the puborectalis in idiopathic faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1983;70:664–7. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800701108
  115. Beersiek F, Parks AG, Swash M. Pathogenesis of anorectal incontinence: a histometric study of the anal sphincter musculature. J Neurol Sci 1979;42:111–27. · DOI · Paper page
  116. Snooks SJ, Barnes PR, Swash M. Damage to the innervation of the voluntary anal and periurethral sphincter musculature in incontinence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47:1269–73. · doi:10.1136/jnnp.47.12.1269
  117. Jones PN, Lubowski DZ, Swash S, Henry MM. Relation between perineal descent and pudendal nerve damage in idiopathic faecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis 1987;2:93–5. · DOI
  118. Kiff ES, Barnes PR, Swash M. Evidence of pudendal neuropathy in patients with perineal descent and chronic straining at stool. Gut 1984;25:1279–82. · doi:10.1136/gut.25.11.1279
  119. Read NW, Bartolo DC, Read MG. Differences in anal function in patients with incontinence to solids and in patients with incontinence to liquids. Br J Surg 1984;71:39–42. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800710112
  120. Jorge JM, Wexner SD, Ehrenpreis E, Nogueras JJ, Jagelman DG. Does perineal descent correlate with pudendal neuropathy? (Meeting abstr) Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35:P11–2. · doi:10.1007/bf02048110
  121. Laurberg S, Swash M. Effects of aging on the anorectal sphincters and their innervation. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:737–42. · DOI
  122. Bannister JJ, Abouzekry L, Read NW. Effect of aging on anorectal function. Gut 1987;28:353–7. · DOI · Paper page
  123. McHugh SM, Diamant NE. Effect of age, gender and parity on anal canal pressures. Contribution of impaired anal sphincter function to fecal incontinence. Dig Dis Sci 1987;32:726–36. · DOI · Paper page
  124. Matheson DM, Keighley MR. Manometric evaluation of rectal prolapse and faecal incontinence. Gut 1981;22:126–9. · doi:10.1136/gut.22.2.126
  125. Burnett SJ, Bartram CI. Endosonographic variations in the normal internal anal sphincter. Int J Colorectal Dis 1991;6:2–4. · DOI
  126. Klosterhalfen B, Offner F, Topf N, Vogel P, Mittermayer C. Sclerosis of the internal anal sphincter—a process of aging. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:606–9. · DOI
  127. Percy JP, Neill ME, Kandiah TK, Swash M. A neurogenic factor in faecal incontinence in the elderly. Age Ageing 1982;11:175–9. · doi:10.1093/ageing/11.3.175
  128. Broden G, Dolk A, Holmstrom B. Recovery of the internal anal sphincter following rectopexy: a possible explanation for incontinence improvement. Int J Colorectal Dis 1988;3;23–8. · doi:10.1007/bf01649678
  129. Yoshioka K, Heyen F, Keighley MR. Functional results after posterior abdominal rectopexy for rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:835–8. · doi:10.1007/bf02554550
  130. Williams JG, Wong WD, Jensen L, Rothenberger DA, Goldberg SM. Incontinence and rectal prolapse: a prospective manometric study. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:209–16. · doi:10.1007/bf02090159
  131. Frenckner B, Ihre T. Function of the anal sphincters in patients with intussusception of the rectum. Gut 1976;17:147–55. · doi:10.1136/gut.17.2.147
  132. Holmstrom B, Broden G, Dolk A, Frenckner B. Increased anal resting pressure following the Ripstein operation: a contribution to continence? Dis Colon Rectum 1986;29:485–7. · doi:10.1007/bf02562598
  133. Ihre T, Seligson U. Intussusception of the rectum—internal procidentia: treatment and results in 90 patients. Dis Colon Rectum 1975;18:391–6. · doi:10.1007/bf02587429
  134. Parks AG, Swash M, Urich H. Sphincter denervation in ano-rectal incontinence and rectal prolapse. Gut 1977;18:656–65. · DOI · Paper page
  135. Snooks SJ, Henry MM, Swash M. Anorectal incontinence and rectal prolapse: differential assessment of the innervation to puborectalis and external anal sphincter muscles. Gut 1985;26:470–6. · doi:10.1136/gut.26.5.470
  136. Habr-Gama A, Engler-Pinto P Jr, Jatoba P, Gama-Rodrigues J, Goffi F. Rectal prolapse. Results of treatment. Coloproctology 1983;5:4–7.
  137. Schiller LR, Santa Ana CA, Schmulen AC, Hendler RS, Harford WV, Fordtran JS. Pathogenesis of fecal incontinence in diabetes mellitus. Evidence for internal-anal-sphincter dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1666–71. · DOI · Paper page
  138. Rogers J, Levy DM, Henry MM, Misiewicz JJ. Pelvic floor neuropathy: a comparative study of diabetes mellitus and idiopathic faecal incontinence. Gut 1988;29:756–61. · DOI
  139. Longo WE, Ballantyne GH, Modlin IM. The colon, anorectum, and spinal cord patient: functional alterations of the denervated hindgut. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:261–7. · DOI
  140. Schoetz DJ Jr. Operative therapy for anal incontinence. Surg Clin North Am 1985;65:35–46. · doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(16)43531-0
  141. Chantraine A, Lloyd K, Swinyard CA. The sphincter ani externus in spina bifida and myelomeningocele. J Urol 1966;95:250–6. · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)63442-6
  142. Miller R, Bartolo DC, Locke-Edmunds JC, Mortensen NJ. Prospective study of conservative and operative treatment for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1988;75:101–5. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800750204
  143. Rothenberger DA. Anal incontinence. In: Cameron JL, ed. Current surgical therapy—3. Philadelphia: BC Decker, 1986:185–94.
  144. Karulf RE, Coller JA, Bartolo DC,et al. Anorectal physiology testing: a survey of availability and use. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:464–8. · doi:10.1007/bf02049930
  145. Coller JA. Clinical application of anorectal manometry. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1987;16:17–33. · doi:10.1016/s0889-8553(21)00478-7
  146. Schouten WR, van Vroonhoven TJ. A simple method of anorectal manometry. Dis Colon Rectum 1983;26:721–4. · doi:10.1007/bf02554982
  147. Varma JS, Smith AN. Anorectal profilimetry with the microtransducer. Br J Surg 1984;71:867–9. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800711122
  148. Hiltunen K-M. Anal manometric findings in patients with anal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1985;28:925–8. · doi:10.1007/bf02554308
  149. Enck P, Kuhlbusch R, Lubke H, Frieling T, Erckenbrecht JF. Age and sex and anorectal manometry in incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:1026–30. · DOI
  150. Felt-Bersma RJ, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Meuwissen SG. Anorectal function investigations in incontinent and continent patients: differences and discriminatory value. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:479–86. · doi:10.1007/bf02052142
  151. Taylor BM, Beart RW Jr, Phillips SF. Longitudinal and radial variations of pressure in the human anal sphincter. Gastroenterology 1984;86:693–7. · DOI
  152. Perry RE, Blatchford GJ, Christensen MA, Thorson AG, Attwood SE. Manometric diagnosis of anal sphincter injuries. Am J Surg 1990;159:112–7. · doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(05)80615-4
  153. Bartolo DC, Jarrat JA, Read NW. The use of conventional electromyography to assess external sphincter neuropathy in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983;46:1115–8. · DOI
  154. Wexner SD, Marchetti F, Salanga VD, Corredor C, Jagelman DG. Neurophysiologic assessment of the anal sphincters. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:606–12. · DOI
  155. Binnie NR, Kawimbe BM, Papachrysostomou M, Clare N, Smith AN. The importance of the orientation of the electrode plates in recording the external anal sphincter EMG by non-invasive anal plug electrodes. Int J Colorectal Dis 1991;6:5–8. · DOI
  156. Pinho M, Hosie K, Bielecki K, Keighley MR. Assessment of noninvasive intra-anal electromyography to evaluate sphincter function. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:69–71. · doi:10.1007/bf02050211
  157. Kiff ES, Swash M. Normal proximal and delayed distal conduction in the pudendal nerves of patients with idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47:820–3. · DOI · Paper page
  158. Snooks SJ, Swash M. Nerve stimulation techniques. In: Henry MM, Swash M, eds. Coloproctology and the pelvic floor. London: Butterworths, 1985:112–28.
  159. Wexner SD, Marchetti F, Jagelman DG. The role of sphincteroplasty for fecal incontinence reevaluated: a prospective physiologic and functional review. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:22–30. · doi:10.1007/bf02050202
  160. Laurberg S, Swash M, Henry MM. Delayed external sphincter repair for obstetric tear. Br J Surg 1988;75:786–8. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800750821
  161. Wunderlich M, Swash M. The overlapping innervation of the two sides of the external anal sphincter by the pudendal nerve. J Neurol Sci 1983;59:97–109. · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(83)90084-9
  162. Swash M, Snooks SJ, Henry MM. Unifying concept of pelvic floor disorders and incontinence. J R Soc Med 1985;78:906–11. · DOI
  163. Snooks SJ, Henry MM, Swash M. Abnormalities in central and peripheral nerve conduction in anorectal incontinence. J R Soc Med 1985;78:294–300. · doi:10.1177/014107688507800405
  164. Mahieu P, Pringot J, Bodart P. Defecography I: description of a new procedure and results in normal patients. Gastrointest Radiol 1984;9:247–51. · DOI · Paper page
  165. Hardcastle DJ, Parks AG. A study of anal incontinence and some principles of surgical treatment. J R Soc Med 1970;63(suppl):116–18.
  166. Kuijpers J. Fecal incontinence and the anorectal angle. Neth J Surg 1971;36:20–3.
  167. Womack NR, Morrison JF, Williams NS. Prospective study of the effects of post anal repair in neurogenic faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1988;75:48–52. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800750118
  168. Preston DM, Lennard-Jones JE, Thomas BM. The balloon proctogram. Br J Surg 1984;71:29–32. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800710109
  169. Lahr CJ, Rothenberger DA, Jensen LL, Goldberg SM. Balloon topography: a simple method of evaluating anal function. Dis Colon Rectum 1986;29:1–5. · doi:10.1007/bf02555272
  170. Jorge JM, Wexner SD, Marchetti F, Rosato GO, Sullivan ML, Jagelman DG. How reliable are currently available methods of measuring the anorectal angle? Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35:332–8. · doi:10.1007/bf02048110
  171. Law PJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. A comparison between electromyography and anal endosonography in mapping external anal sphincter defects. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:370–3. · doi:10.1007/bf02156260
  172. Cuesta MA, Meijer S, Derksen EJ, Boutkan H, Meuwissen SG. Anal sphincter imaging in fecal incontinence using endosonography. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35:59–63. · doi:10.1007/bf02053340
  173. Burnett SJ, Speakman CT, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Confirmation of endosonographic detection of external anal sphincter defects by simultaneous electromyographic mapping. Br J Surg 1991;78:448–50. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800780419
  174. Miller R, Bartolo DC, Cervero F, Mortensen NJ. Anorectal temperature sensation: a comparison of normal and incontinent patients. Br J Surg 1987;74:511–5. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800740632
  175. Schmitt SL, Wexner SD. Anterior and posterior sphincter repair. Semin Colon Rectal Surg 1992;3:92–7.
  176. Harford WV, Krejs GJ, Santa Ana CA, Fordtran JS. Acute effect of diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil) in patients with chronic diarrhea and fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 1980;78:440–3. · DOI
  177. Read M, Read MW, Barber DC, Duthie HL. Effects of loperamide on anal sphincter function in patients complaining of chronic diarrhea with fecal incontinence and urgency. Dig Dis Sci 1982;27:807–14. · DOI · Paper page
  178. Keighley MR, Fielding JW. Management of faecal incontinence and results of surgical treatment. Br J Surg 1983;70:463–8. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800700806
  179. Binnie NR, Kawimbe BM, Papachrysostomou M, Smith AN. Use of the pudendoanal reflex in the treatment of neurogenic fecal incontinence. Gut 1990;31:1051–5. · doi:10.1136/gut.31.9.1051
  180. Engel BT, Nikoomanesh P, Schuster MM. Operant conditioning to rectosphincteric responses in the treatment of fecal incontinence. N Engl J Med 1974;29:646–9. · DOI · Paper page
  181. Cerulli MA, Nikoomanesh P, Schuster MM. Progress in biofeedback conditioning for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 1979;76:742–6. · DOI · Paper page
  182. Wald A. Biofeedback for neurogenic fecal incontinence: rectal sensation is a determinant of outcome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1983;2:302–6. · doi:10.1097/00005176-198305000-00015
  183. Constantinides CG, Cywes S. Fecal incontinence: a simple pneumatic device for home biofeedback training. J Pediatr Surg 1983;18:276–7. · doi:10.1016/s0022-3468(83)80099-2
  184. Whitehead WE, Burgio KL, Engel BT. Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence in geriatric patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985;33:320–4. · DOI · Paper page
  185. MacLeod JH. Management of anal incontinence by biofeedback. Gastroenterology 1987;93:291–4. · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(87)91017-1
  186. Ruiboli EB, Francio M, Pitto G, Reboa G, Zanolla R. Biofeedback conditioning for fecal incontinence. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988;69:29–31.
  187. Jensen LL, Lowry AC. Biofeedback: a viable treatment option for anal incontinence. (Meeting abstr) Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:P6.
  188. Ferguson GH, Redford J, Barrett JA, Kiff ES. The appreciation of rectal distension in fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:964–7. · doi:10.1007/bf02552274
  189. Corman ML. Anal incontinence. In: Corman ML, ed. Colon and rectal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1989;171–207.
  190. Browning GG, Parks AG. Postanal repair for neuropathic faecal incontinence: correlation of clinical result and anal canal pressures. Br J Surg 1983;70:101–4. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800700216
  191. Browning GG, Motson RW. Anal sphincter injury: management and results of Parks sphincter repair. Ann Surg 1984;199:351–7. · doi:10.1097/00000658-198403000-00017
  192. Arnaud A, Sarles JC, Sielezneff I, Orsoni P, Joly A. Sphincter repair without overlapping for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:744–7. · doi:10.1007/bf02051062
  193. Nesselrod JP. Proctology in general practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1950.
  194. Scheuer M, Kuijpers HC, Jacobs PP. Postanal repair restores anatomy rather than function. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:960–3. · doi:10.1007/bf02552273
  195. Orrom WJ, Miller R, Cornes H, Duthie G, Mortensen NJ, Bartolo DC. Comparison of anterior sphincteroplasty and postanal repair in the treatment of idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:305–10. · doi:10.1007/bf02050589
  196. Laurberg S, Swash M, Henry MM. Effect of post anal repair on progress of neurogenic damage to the pelvic floor. Br J Surg 1990;77:519–22. · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800770515
  197. Ferguson EF. Puborectalis sphincteroplasty for anal incontinence. South Med J 1984;77:423–5. · doi:10.1097/00007611-198404000-00004
  198. Habr-Gama A, Alves PA, da Silva e Souza AH, Femenia Vieira MJ, Brunetti-Netto C. Treatment of faecal incontinence by postanal repair. Coloproctology 1986;8:244–6.
  199. Keighley MR, Oya M, Oritz J, Pinho M, Asperer J, Chattaphaday G. What is the optimum pelvic floor repair for neuropathic fecal incontinence? (Meeting abstr) Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:P6. · doi:10.1007/bf02049714
  200. Parks AG, McPartlin JF. Later repair of injuries of the anal sphincter. J R Soc Med 1971;64:1187–9. · doi:10.1177/003591577106401205

200 of 238 shown

Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Jorge, M. J. N., & Wexner, S. D.
Venue
Diseases of the Colon & Rectum
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
1993-01
Volume
36
Issue
1
Pages
77-97
ISSN
0012-3706 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1007/bf02050307
OpenAlex
W2117300470
Cited by
2,985
References
2
FWCI
9.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.