Perceived social isolation in a community sample: its prevalence and correlates with aspects of peoples’ lives

Hawthorne, Graeme

doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0279-8

Cited by 279Health disparities and outcomesAging, Health, and DisabilityCOVID-19 and Mental Health

Perceived social isolation in a community sample: its prevalence and correlates with aspects of peoples’ lives

Hawthorne, Graeme·2008·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

DOI 10.1007/s00127-007-0279-8

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Abstract

Although there are many studies reporting perceived social isolation or loneliness and their correlates in specific groups, there are few modern prevalence studies. This study reports on the prevalence of perceived social isolation in an Australian community sample. Randomly sampled Australian adults (n = 3,015) were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. In addition to perceived social isolation assessed by the Friendship Scale, data were collected on socio-demographic variables and chronic health conditions. The findings suggest that while most participants were socially connected, 9% reported some social isolation and 7% were isolated or very isolated. Perceived social isolation varied by gender and age group, region of birth, relationship, labourforce, and income status. A key finding was that younger adults had higher probabilities of being classified as being socially isolated than did older participants. Depression was very strongly associated with perceived social isolation. Other health conditions or life experiences associated with it were hearing, incontinence and lifetime trauma exposure. The demographic characteristics and chronic health conditions associated with perceived social isolation are structural circumstances of peoples' lives. Given there are poor long-term health outcomes, including early death and suicide, there are clear public health implications for those trapped by these life circumstances.

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Social isolation is prevalent among older people.
“Social isolation is prevalent amongst older people”
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Loneliness Across the Life Span
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Gender Differences in Social Network Size and Satisfaction in Adults in Their 70s
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Measuring patient satisfaction with health care treatment using the Short Assessment of Patient Satisfaction measure delivered superior and robust satisfaction estimates
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The Association Between Hearing Status and Psychosocial Health Before the Age of 70 Years: Results From an Internet-Based National Survey on Hearing
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Psychological inflexibility and intolerance of uncertainty moderate the relationship between social isolation and mental health outcomes during COVID-19
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Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence <sup>☆</sup>
Schinka, K. C., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Mata, A. D., Bossarte, R., & Swahn, M. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.002 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Prospective effects of hearing status on loneliness and depression in older persons: Identification of subgroups
Pronk, M., Deeg, D. J. H., Smits, C., van Tilburg, T. G., Kuik, D. J., Festen, J. Μ., & Kramer, S. E. (2011) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.3109/14992027.2011.599871 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Loneliness, social relations and health and well-being in deprived communities
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The role of social isolation in social anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Understanding the social costs of psychosis: the experience of adults affected by psychosis identified within the second Australian national survey of psychosis
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Existential Loneliness in a Palliative Home Care Setting
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The development of loneliness from mid‐ to late adolescence: Trajectory classes, personality traits, and psychosocial functioning
Vanhalst, J., Goossens, L., Luyckx, K., Scholte, R. H. J., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.002 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Loneliness in psychotic disorders and its association with cognitive function and symptom profile
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Understanding the psychosocial experiences of adults with mild-moderate hearing loss: An application of Leventhal’s self-regulatory model
Heffernan, E., Coulson, N., Henshaw, H., Barry, J. G., & Ferguson, M. (2016) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.3109/14992027.2015.1117663 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Traumatic Brain Injury and Long-Term Quality of Life: Findings from an Australian Study
Hawthorne, G., Kaye, A. H., & Gruen, R. (2009) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0735 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
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Peer‐related loneliness across early to late adolescence: Normative trends, intra‐individual trajectories, and links with depressive symptoms
Ladd, G. W., & Ettekal, I. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.004 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Social factors and the prevalence of social isolation in a population-based adult cohort
Röhr, S., Wittmann, F., Engel, C., Enzenbach, C., Witte, A. V., Villringer, A., Löffler, M., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02174-x · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Association Between Loneliness and Suicidality During Middle Childhood and Adolescence: Longitudinal Effects and the Role of Demographic Characteristics
Schinka, K. C., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Bossarte, R. M., & Swahn, M. H. (2011) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.584084 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Physical and Psychosocial Effects of Wii Video Game Use among Older Women
Wollersheim, D., Merkes, M., Shields, N., Liamputtong, P., Wallis, L., Reynolds, F., & Koh, L. (2010) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Social Isolation and Cognitive Function in Appalachian Older Adults
DiNapoli, E. A., Wu, B., & Scogin, F. (2014) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027512470704 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The impact of loneliness and social isolation on the development of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s Disease
Ren, Y. L., Savadlou, A., Park, S., Siska, P., Epp, J. R., & Sargin, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101061 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
How does difficulty communicating affect the social relationships of older adults? An exploration using data from a national survey
Palmer, A. D., Newsom, J. T., & Rook, K. S. (2016) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.06.002 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Perceived Social Isolation and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure
Manemann, S. M., Chamberlain, A. M., Roger, V. L., Griffin, J. M., Boyd, C. M., Cudjoe, T., Jensen, D., Weston, S. A., Fabbri, M., Jiang, R., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.008069 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Systematic review of quality of life in the management of vestibular schwannoma
Gauden, A. J., Weir, P., Hawthorne, G., & Kaye, A. H. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2011.05.009 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citation
Systematic review of interventions addressing social isolation and depression in aged care clients
Franck, L., Molyneux, N., & Parkinson, L. (2015) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-015-1197-y · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Social isolation alters neuroinflammatory response to stroke
Karelina, K., Norman, G. J., Zhang, N., Morris, J. S., Peng, H., & DeVries, A. C. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0810737106 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Social relationship correlates of major depressive disorder and depressive symptoms in Switzerland: nationally representative cross sectional study
Barger, S. D., Messerli‐Bürgy, N., & Barth, J. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-273 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The association between physical activity and social isolation in community-dwelling older adults
Robins, L., Hill, K., Finch, C. F., Clemson, L. M., & Haines, T. P. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1242116 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
A Novel Multimodal Digital Service (Moderated Online Social Therapy+) for Help-Seeking Young People Experiencing Mental Ill-Health: Pilot Evaluation Within a National Youth E-Mental Health Service
Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Rice, S., D'Alfonso, S., Leicester, S., Bendall, S., Pryor, I., Russon, P., McEnery, C., Santesteban-Echarri, O., Da Costa, G., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17155 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among Chinese adolescents
Xu, S., Qiu, D., Hahne, J., Zhao, M., & Hu, M. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000012373 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Community interaction and child maltreatment
Kim, B., & Maguire‐Jack, K. (2013) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.020 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Relating Hearing Aid Use to Social and Emotional Loneliness in Older Adults
Weinstein, B. E., Sirow, L., & Moser, S. (2016) · American Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1044/2015_aja-15-0055 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
A Conceptual Review of Loneliness in Adults: Qualitative Evidence Synthesis
Mansfield, L., Victor, C. R., Meads, C., Daykin, N., Tomlinson, A., Lane, J., Gray, K., & Golding, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111522 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Pathways from neighborhood to neglect: The mediating effects of social support and parenting stress
Maguire‐Jack, K., & Wang, X. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.04.017 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The discrepancy between social isolation and loneliness as a clinically meaningful metric: findings from the Irish and English longitudinal studies of ageing (TILDA and ELSA)
McHugh, J., Kenny, R., Lawlor, B., Steptoe, A., & Kee, F. (2017) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4509 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Hearing Status in Older Persons: A Significant Determinant of Depression and Loneliness? Results From the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
Pronk, M., Deeg, D. J. H., & Kramer, S. E. (2013) · American Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2013/12-0069 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Social Connectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Dementia: Does the Social Environment Moderate the Relationship Between Genetic Risk and Cognitive Well-Being?
Poey, J. L., Burr, J. A., & Roberts, J. S. (2017) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnw154 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
MarkeTrak 10 (MT10) Survey Results Demonstrate High Satisfaction with and Benefits from Hearing Aids
Picou, E. M. (2020) · Seminars in Hearing · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1701243 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Adverse Social Experiences in Adolescent Rats Result in Enduring Effects on Social Competence, Pain Sensitivity and Endocannabinoid Signaling
Schneider, P., Bindila, L., Schmahl, C., Bohus, M., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Lutz, B., Spanagel, R., & Schneider, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00203 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Co-existence of social isolation and homebound status increase the risk of all-cause mortality
Sakurai, R., Yasunaga, M., Nishi, M., Fukaya, T., Hasebe, M., Murayama, Y., Koike, T., Matsunaga, H., Nonaka, K., Suzuki, H., et al. (2018) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610218001047 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Neighborhood Walkability or Third Places? Determinants of Social Support and Loneliness among Older Adults
Lee, J. H., & Tan, T. H. (2019) · Journal of Planning Education and Research · doi:10.1177/0739456x19870295 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
‘LONESOME TOWN’? IS LONELINESS ASSOCIATED WITH THE RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING HOUSING AND NEIGHBORHOOD FACTORS?
Kearns, A., Whitley, E., Tannahill, C., & Ellaway, A. (2015) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21711 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
(Re)Introducing Communication Competence to the Health Professions
Spitzberg, B. H. (2013) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2013.e23 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The roles of fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety in the relationship between self-compassion and loneliness: a serial mediation model
Liu, X., Yang, Y., Wu, H., Kong, X., & Cui, L. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01001-x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Impact of Communication Impairments on the Social Relationships of Older Adults: Pathways to Psychological Well-Being
Palmer, A. D., Carder, P., White, D. L., Saunders, G. H., Woo, H., Graville, D. J., & Newsom, J. T. (2019) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0495 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
How social isolation and loneliness effect medication adherence among elderly with chronic diseases: An integrated theory and validated cross-sectional study
Lü, J., Zhang, N., Mao, D., Wang, Y., & Wang, X. (2020) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2020.104154 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Solitary heavy drinking, social relationships, and negative mood regulation in college drinkers
Gonzalez, V. M., & Skewes, M. C. (2012) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359.2012.714429 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Introducing a dual continuum model of belonging and loneliness
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Social Problem Solving and Suicidal Behavior: Ethnic Differences in the Moderating Effects of Loneliness and Life Stress
Hirsch, J. K., Chang, E. C., & Jeglic, E. L. (2012) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.722054 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The lonely road to paranoia. A path-analytic investigation of loneliness and paranoia.
Lamster, F., Lincoln, T., Nittel, C., Rief, W., & Mehl, S. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.12.007 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Association of Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Social Support with Depressive Symptoms among the Elderly in Singapore
Ng, C. W. L., Tan, W. S., George, P. P., Wong, L. Y., & Heng, B. H. (2014) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v43n12p576 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Adolescent interpersonal relationships, social support and loneliness in high schools: Mediation effect and gender differences
Zhang, B., Gao, Q., Fokkema, M., Alterman, V., & Liu, Q. (2015) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.05.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Social support in depression: structural and functional factors, perceived control and help-seeking
Kleinberg, A., Aluoja, A., & Vasar, V. (2013) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796013000504 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Housing services for people with mental disorders in England: patient characteristics, care provision and costs
Priebe, S., Saidi, M., Want, A., Mangalore, R., & Knapp, M. R. J. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0001-0 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A longitudinal population-based study of carers of people with psychosis
Poon, A. W. C., Harvey, C. A., Mackinnon, A. J., & Joubert, L. (2016) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796015001195 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Building resiliency: a cross-sectional study examining relationships among health-related quality of life, well-being, and disaster preparedness
Gowan, M. E., Kirk, R. C., & Sloan, J. A. (2014) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-12-85 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
No effect of social exclusion on salivary cortisol secretion in women in a randomized controlled study
Zöller, C., Maroof, P., Weik, U., & Deinzer, R. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.02.019 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Loneliness and social support among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people aged 50 and over
Hughes, M. (2015) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x1500080x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Personality Change in the Oldest‐Old: Is It a Matter of Compromised Health and Functioning?
Berg, A. I., & Johansson, B. E. A. (2013) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12030 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Effects of horticultural therapy on elderly’ health: protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Chan, H. Y., Ho, R., Mahendran, R., Ng, K. S., Tam, W., Rawtaer, I., Tan, C. H., Larbi, A., Feng, L., Sia, A., et al. (2017) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-017-0588-z · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Social Impact of Musical Engagement for Young Adults With Learning Difficulties: A Qualitative Study
Wilson, G., & MacDonald, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01300 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The role of loneliness and self-control in predicting problem gambling behaviour
McQuade, A., & Gill, P. R. (2012) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 53 · see citing works
New Social Horizons: Anxiety, Isolation, and Animal Crossing During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Lewis, J. E., Trojovsky, M., & Jameson, M. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.627350 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Traumatic brain injury and quality of life: Initial Australian validation of the QOLIBRI
Hawthorne, G., Kaye, A. H., Gruen, R. L., Houseman, D., & Bauer, I. E. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2010.06.015 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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Association of temporal factors and suicides in the United States, 2000–2004
Kposowa, A. J., & D’Auria, S. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0082-9 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The interplay of personality and functional health in old and very old age: Dynamic within-person interrelations across up to 13 years.
Mueller, S., Wagner, J., Smith, J., Voelkle, M. C., & Gerstorf, D. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000173 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Pre-experience of social exclusion suppresses cortisol response to psychosocial stress in women but not in men
Weik, U., Maroof, P., Zöller, C., & Deinzer, R. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.08.018 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Social transformation and social isolation of older adults: Digital technologies, nursing, healthcare
Locsin, R. C., Soriano, G. P., Juntasopeepun, P., Kunaviktikul, W., & Evangelista, L. S. (2021) · Collegian Journal of the Royal College of Nursing Australia · doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2021.01.005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self- and other-oriented potential lifetime traumatic events as predictors of loneliness in the second half of life
Palgi, Y., Shrira, A., Ben‐Ezra, M., Shiovitz‐Ezra, S., & Ayalon, L. (2012) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2011.638903 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Reducing social isolation through formal youth mentoring: opportunities and potential pitfalls
Keller, T. E., Perry, M., & Spencer, R. (2020) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-019-00727-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Patients' perceived level of social isolation affects the prognosis of low back pain
Oliveira, V. C., Ferreira, M. L., Morsø, L., Albert, H., Refshauge, K. M., & Ferreira, P. H. (2014) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.578 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The role of socio-economic status and neighborhood social capital on loneliness among older adults: evidence from the Sant Boi Aging Study
Domènech‐Abella, J., Mundó, J., Lara, E., Moneta, M. V., Haro, J. M., & Olaya, B. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1406-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Psychological Impact of Shift Work
Cheng, P., & Drake, C. L. (2018) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-018-0114-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Prevalence and correlates of loneliness, perceived and objective social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence from a representative survey in Germany
Hajek, A., & König, H. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02295-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A home but how to connect with others? A qualitative meta‐synthesis of experiences of people with mental illness living in supported housing
Watson, J., Fossey, E. M., & Harvey, C. A. (2018) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12615 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Social Isolation Among Latino Workers in Rural North Carolina: Exposure and Health Implications
Mora, D. C., Grzywacz, J. G., Anderson, A., Chen, H., Arcury, T. A., Marín, A. J., & Quandt, S. A. (2013) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9784-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders in Emerging Adulthood
LeBlanc, N. J., Brown, M. L., & Henin, A. (2019) · Current clinical psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30687-8_8 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Relationship between hearing loss and depression symptoms among older adults in China: The mediating role of social isolation and loneliness
Jiang, F., Kuper, H., Zhou, C., Qin, W., & Xu, L. (2022) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5729 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
‘The worse my hearing got, the less sociable I got’: a qualitative study of patient and professional views of the management of social isolation and hearing loss
Heffernan, E., Withanachchi, C. M., & Ferguson, M. (2022) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afac019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Depression Prevalence: Is it Really Increasing?
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Authors: Hawthorne, G.
Affiliations: The Royal Melbourne Hospital (AU)
Corresponding author: Hawthorne, Graeme
Venue: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2007-11-09
Volume: 43
Issue: 2
Pages: 140-150
ISSN: 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
1433-9285
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-007-0279-8
OpenAlex: W1963503695
Cited by: 279
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 7.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Keywords: perceived social isolation, loneliness, prevalence, depression, chronic disease, hearing loss, incontinence, lifetime trauma exposure, gender differences, age differences, socioeconomic status, community-dwelling adults
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Australia, Female, Health Status, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Social Isolation, Socioeconomic Factors, Prevalence, Logistic Models

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Perceived social isolation in a community sample: its prevalence and correlates with aspects of peoples’ lives

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