Mentalism, Behavior-Behavior Relations, and a Behavior-Analytic View of the Purposes of Science
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In a behavioral view, the purposes of science are primarily prediction and control. To the extent that a scientist embraces both of these as a unified and generally applicable criterion for science, certain philosophical and theoretical practices are counterproductive, including mentalism in both its metaphysical and metatheoretical forms. It is possible and often worthwhile to recast some mentalistic talk into an issue of behavior-behavior relations. When behavior-behavior relations are approached non-mechanistically, however, analysis cannot stop at the level of the relations themselves. Several analytic concepts common in the behavioral community share some of the dangers of mentalism if not employed properly, including such concepts as self-reinforcement, response-produced stimulation, and self-rules.
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Defusion emerged from the idea that thoughts do not automatically govern behavior and that contextual conditions are needed for such control.
“An alternative to restructuring, defusion arose from the insight that thoughts do not necessarily exert control over behavior, with some contextual conditions being necessary to support this type of functional behavior-behavior relation (Hayes & Brownstein, 1986).”
From A Process-Based Analysis of Cognitive Defusion in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (2023) · cites this paper as Hayes & Brownstein, 1986
In “Mental Causality as Behavior-Behavior Relation” (page unavailable), the paper says that a relation between thinking and overt behavior requires analysis of the contingencies that produce it, supporting the claim that thoughts do not automatically control behavior. Our copy does not say that defusion arose from this insight or contrast defusion with restructuring. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredACT is rooted in the pragmatic philosophy of functional contextualism.
“ACT is rooted in the pragmatic philosophy of functional contextualism”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes (2006) · cites this paper as Hayes & Brownstein, 1986
In “Why Prediction Must Be Included and Control Emphasized” (page unavailable), the paper describes behavior analysis as contextualist and driven by a pragmatic theory of truth. It does not discuss ACT or establish that ACT is rooted in functional contextualism. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFrom an ACT perspective, thoughts and feelings do not cause other actions, except as regulated by context.
“From such a perspective, thoughts and feelings do not cause other actions, except as regulated by context”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes (2006) · cites this paper as Hayes & Brownstein, 1986
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Anderson, C. M., Hawkins, R. P., Freeman, K. A., & Scotti, J. R. (2000) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03391995 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Tool use, imitation, and insight: Apples, oranges, and conceptual pea soup
Fragaszy, D. M. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00057770 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Tool use in cebus monkeys: Moving from orthodox to neo-Piagetian analyses
Gibson, K. R. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00057782 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
On the contents of capuchins' cognitive toolkit
Anderson, J. R. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00057691 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mandavia, A., Masuda, A., Moore, M., Mendoza, H., Donati, M. R., & Cohen, L. L. (2015) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.02.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Psychological Approaches to Values in Organizations and Organizational Behavior Management
Herbst, S. A., & Houmanfar, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Organizational Behavior Management · doi:10.1080/01608060802714210 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
How to Define and Examine Implicit Processes?
Houwer, J. D., & Moors, A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753628.003.0008 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Effect of Training Structure on the Latency of Responses to a Five-Term Linear Chain
Reilly, T., Whelan, R., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2005) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395508 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Páez-Blarrina, M., Gutiérrez-Martínez, O., Valdivia‐Salas, S., & Luciano-Soriano, C. (2006) · Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A Behavior-Analytic Approach to Behavioral Reflexivity
Barnes, D., & Roche, B. T. (1997) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395246 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Houwer, J. D., Hughes, S., & Barnes‐Holmes, Y. (2016) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039999 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Tomasello, M. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00073738 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Relational Frame Theory and Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Stewart, I., Barnes‐Holmes, D., Barnes‐Holmes, Y., Bond, F. W., & Hayes, S. C. (2006) · Journal of Organizational Behavior Management · doi:10.1300/j075v26n01_03 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Hayes, S. C., & Brownstein, A. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- ORCID
- Hayes, Steven C.
- Venue
- The Behavior Analyst
- Published
- 1986-10
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 175-190
- ISSN
- 0738-6729 (ISSN-L)
- 2196-8918
- PMC
- PMC2741891
- OpenAlex
- W1710715998
- Cited by
- 371
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 33.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Behavior Analyst (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Keywords
- mentalism, prediction and control, behavior analysis, self-reinforcement, self-government, metatheory, philosophy of science
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