Conformal symmetry breaking and thermodynamics of near-extremal black holes
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It has been argued recently by Almheiri and Polchinski that the near-horizon conformal symmetry of extremal black holes must be broken due to gravitational backreaction at an IR scale linear in G N . In this paper, we show that this scale coincides with the so-called ‘thermodynamic mass gap’ of near-extremal black holes, a scale which signals the breakdown of their thermodynamic description. We also develop a method which extends the analysis of Almheiri and Polchinski to more complicated models with extremal throats by studying the bulk linearized quantum field theory. Moreover, we show how their original model correctly captures the universal physics of the near-horizon region of near-extremal black holes at tree level, and conclude that this equivalence of the conformal breaking and mass gap scale is general.
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For near-extremal charged black holes in 4d, the boundary condition on the dilaton arises from gluing the AdS throat to the exterior region.
“For near extremal charged black holes in 4d considered in Sect. 2.1.2, the boundary condition on the dilaton arises from gluing the AdS throat to the exterior region (Almheiri and Kang 2016; Nayak et al. 2018).”
From Solvable models of quantum black holes: a review on Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity (2023) · cites this paper as Almheiri and Kang 2016
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Gutowski, J., Thomas Mohaupt, A., & Pope, G. (2021) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep03(2021)293 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Universal sectors of two-dimensional Carrollian CFTs
Aggarwal, A., Bagchi, A., Detournay, S., Grumiller, D., Riegler, M., & Simón, J. (2025) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep11(2025)039 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gravitational dynamics of near-extreme Kerr (Anti-)de Sitter black holes
Mariani, F., & Toldo, C. (2026) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep02(2026)052 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Quantum corrections to η/s from JT gravity
Cremonini, S., Li, L., Liu, X.-L., & Nian, J. (2026) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep06(2026)193 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
KdV conformal symmetry breaking in nearly AdS2
Cárdenas, M. (2024) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep10(2024)052 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Das, S., & Dinda, A. (2025) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep11(2025)084 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Can black holes evaporate past extremality?
Gralla, S. E. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/jkj8-9lty · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Almheiri, A., & Kang, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kang, Byungwoo
- Venue
- Journal of High Energy Physics
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 2016
- Issue
- 10
- ISSN
- 1029-8479 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2436562956
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of High Energy Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (PHY11- 25915, NSF PHY-11-25915, 25915, 0756174)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- near-extremal black holes, extremal black holes, conformal symmetry breaking, near-horizon region, gravitational backreaction, black hole thermodynamics
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