Immune system: a double-edged sword in cancer
Abstract
Objective The objective of the review is to examine the role of innate and adaptive immune cells in cancer.Introduction Immune system functions as a host defensive mechanism protecting against invading pathogens and transformed cells, including cancer. However, a body of research carried out over the last few decades has disclosed the unexpected role of immune system in fostering the tumor growth.Methods A computer-based online search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases for articles published, concerning natural killer (NK) cells, Macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with relevance to cancer. After finding relevant articles within these search limits, a manual search was conducted through the references from these articles.Results and conclusions This review summarizes the role of immune system in Immunosurveillance and Immunoediting. It then focused mainly on role of macrophages, regulatory T cells (Treg), TH17 cells and on the immunosuppressive mechanisms, which facilitate immune evasion of tumor cells. Our results shows that, immune cells, such as CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), CD4+ T helper (TH)1 cells and NK cells along with their characteristic cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ, function as major antitumor effector cells. Whereas CD4+TH2 cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and their derived cytokines function as dominant tumor-promoting forces. In contrast to these cells, macrophages, Treg, and TH17 cells show a dual effect in cancer. Thus, it appears that most components of the immune system are potentially endowed with dual functions i.e., promoting tumor development on the one hand and restraining tumor development on the other and hence immune system can be considered as a double-edged sword in cancer.
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The decrease of M2-like macrophages favors lung metastasis inhibition due to a lack of tumor-angiogenesis factors such as VEGF, EGF, FGF, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 which promote tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.
“Furthermore, the decrease of M2-like macrophages favors lung metastasis inhibition due to a lack of tumor-angiogenesis factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and matrix metalloproteases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) which promote tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis (44).”
From mRNA vaccine with unmodified uridine induces robust type I interferon-dependent anti-tumor immunity in a melanoma model (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
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- Authors
- Lakshmi Narendra, B., Eshvendar Reddy, K., Shantikumar, S., & Ramakrishna, S.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (IN)
- Venue
- Inflammation Research
- Published
- 2013-07-19
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 823-834
- ISSN
- 1023-3830 (ISSN-L)
- 1420-908X
- OpenAlex
- W2035105999
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 1.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Inflammation Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- tumor immune evasion, tumor surveillance, immunoediting, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, natural killer cells, tumor-associated macrophages, regulatory T cells, Th17 cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CD4+ T helper cells, interferon-gamma
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immunity, Innate, Immunosuppression Therapy, Macrophages, Neoplasms, Cytokines, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Adaptive Immunity, Th17 Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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