Late Developmental Plasticity in the T Helper 17 Lineage
Open accessAbstract
Development of T helper (Th) 17 cells requires transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and interleukin (IL)-6 and is independent of the Th1 pathway. Although T cells that produce interferon (IFN)-gamma are a recognized feature of Th17 cell responses, mice deficient for STAT4 and T-bet-two prototypical Th1 transcription factors-are protected from autoimmunity associated with Th17 pathogenesis. To examine the fate and pathogenic potential of Th17 cells and origin of IFN-gamma-producing T cells that emerge during Th17 immunity, we developed IL-17F reporter mice that identify cells committed to expression of IL-17F and IL-17A. Th17 cells required TGF-beta for sustained expression of IL-17F and IL-17A. In the absence of TGF-beta, both IL-23 and IL-12 acted to suppress IL-17 and enhance IFN-gamma production in a STAT4- and T-bet-dependent manner, albeit with distinct efficiencies. These results support a model of late Th17 developmental plasticity with implications for autoimmunity and host defense.
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Ongoing IL-6 signaling is indispensable and foundational, acting upstream of IL-23 via its unique function to sustain RORγt expression and thereby IL-23R expression.
“Although it has been reported that IL-23 signaling is important for the maintenance of Th17 cells (18, 19, 21), we find that ongoing IL-6 signaling is indispensable and foundational, acting upstream of IL-23 via its unique function to sustain RORγt expression and thereby IL-23R expression.”
From T <sub>H</sub> 17 cells require ongoing classic IL-6 receptor signaling to retain transcriptional and functional identity (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
The citation attaches to the reported importance of IL-23 signaling for Th17 maintenance, not to the citing authors’ finding about ongoing IL-6 signaling. In Results (‘TGF-β Is Required for Maintenance of IL-17 Expression by Th17 Cells’), the source says the opposite: IL-23 appears dispensable for Th17 maintenance, whereas continuous TGF-β signaling is needed to maintain IL-17 expression. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTh17 cells show substantially greater plasticity than Th1 and Th2 cells.
“In contrast to Th1 and Th2 cells, Th17 cells show substantially greater plasticity (19, 23, 65).”
From T <sub>H</sub> 17 cells require ongoing classic IL-6 receptor signaling to retain transcriptional and functional identity (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
The Results section (‘TGF-β Is Required for Maintenance of IL-17 Expression by Th17 Cells’; page unavailable) says Th17 cells appear more plastic than Th1 cells in late-stage cytokine expression. The copy does not make the same plasticity comparison with Th2 cells; searching for ‘Th2’ found discussion of its differentiation factors and cytokines, not that comparison. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIL-23 has been reported to be a trophic factor for Th17 cells, but IL-23 signaling also promotes the transdifferentiation of Th17 cells to Th1-like cells.
“IL-23 has been reported to be a trophic factor for Th17 cells (19, 23, 65), but IL-23 signaling also promotes the transdifferentiation of Th17 cells to Th1-like cells (19, 26)”
From T <sub>H</sub> 17 cells require ongoing classic IL-6 receptor signaling to retain transcriptional and functional identity (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
The Introduction reports that IL-23 had been speculated to enhance or maintain the Th17 phenotype, but the paper's Results find IL-23 dispensable for Th17 maintenance. The Results also show IL-23 promoting a shift toward IFN-γ-producing, Th1-like progeny, specifically when TGF-β is low or absent; the citing sentence omits that condition. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Lee, Y. K., Turner, H., Maynard, C. L., Oliver, J. R., Chen, D., Elson, C. O., & Weaver, C. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weaver, Casey T.
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 92-107
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3607320
- OpenAlex
- W2011882192
- Cited by
- 1,053
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 56.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 1694 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI077574, R01AI035783)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R24DK064400, P01DK071176)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Keywords
- Th17 cells, T helper cell differentiation, developmental plasticity, TGF-beta, interleukin-6, IL-17F, IL-17A, interferon-gamma, STAT4, T-bet, IL-23, IL-12, autoimmunity, Th1 cells
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Flow Cytometry, Interferon-gamma, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Mice, Knockout, Th1 Cells, Th2 Cells, Cell Lineage, Interleukin-17, Mice, Interleukin-23
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