Media use and depression: exposure, household rules, and symptoms among young adolescents in the USA

“tigations found that time spent online was associated with loneliness, isolation, and depression (Kraut et al. 1998), but follow-up work showed that negative effects diminish over time and demonstrated some positive effects on well-being (Kraut et al.”

“Initially, investigations found that time spent online was associated with loneliness, isolation, and depression (Kraut et al. 1998), but follow-up work showed that negative effects diminish over time and demonstrated some positive effects on well-being (Kraut et al. 2002).”

“Theories of social support, however, indicate that communications through mobile phones may not cultivate the strong social bonds that reduce stress and lead to positive psychological outcomes (Cohen et al. 1985).”

“Similarly, the mobile phone results correspond with evidence that heavy mobile phone users are more likely to suffer from depression (Augner and Hacker 2012; Sanchez-Martinez and Otero 2009; Thomée et al. 2011; Yen et al. 2009).”

“Advertising research does indicate that the representation of attractive people leading exciting and idealized lifestyles may invite social comparison and contribute to dissatisfaction with oneself (Richins 1991).”

“In the realm of cyberbullying, experts often point to the constant connectivity of mobile phones as a contributor to the intensity of this type of harassment (Law et al. 2012; Ybarra et al. 2007).”

“Participants’ depression was assessed using six items from the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care (Beck et al. 1997).”

“Similarly, the mobile phone results correspond with evidence that heavy mobile phone users are more likely to suffer from depression (Augner and Hacker 2012; Sanchez-Martinez and Otero 2009; Thomée et al. 2011; Yen et al. 2009).”

“Media use survey questions A common method of assessing media use is to ask young respondents to estimate the amount of time they spend using media (Gordon-Larsen et al. 1999; Rideout et al. 2010).”

“Similarly, the mobile phone results correspond with evidence that heavy mobile phone users are more likely to suffer from depression (Augner and Hacker 2012; Sanchez-Martinez and Otero 2009; Thomée et al. 2011; Yen et al. 2009).”

“Parental monitoring was measured with a six-item scale that assesses the regularity with which children talk to their parents about where they are and who they are with (Li et al. 2000).”

“Depression is the most common mental disorder among children and adolescents and can result in impairments in social skills, diminished cognitive development, reduced academic achievement, and suicide (Brown et al. 2013; Chérif et al. 2012; Guberman and Manassis 2011; Lundy et al. 2010; Ryan 2005).”

“In the realm of cyberbullying, experts often point to the constant connectivity of mobile phones as a contributor to the intensity of this type of harassment (Law et al. 2012; Ybarra et al. 2007).”

“There is, however, little evidence that TV viewing displaces activities that are protective against depression, such as time with family and friends (Bickham and Rich 2006; Vandewater et al. 2006).”

“2010), and this use has been indicated as a contributor to multiple negative health outcomes and behaviors (Brown and Bobkowski 2011), with some evidence implicating it as a potential risk factor in the development of depression.”

“…Hospital, Boston, USA D. S. Bickham (&) M. Rich Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA e-mail: david.bickham@childrens.harvard.edu Y. Hswen M. Rich Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA communicating with friends and family is protective against depression over time (Bessière et al. 2010).”

“To calculate the average amount of daily use of each technology, we multiplied the school day estimate by 5 and the weekend estimate by 2, summed the products, and divided the result by 7 (Vereecken et al. 2006).”

“The type of connection needed to protect against depression may not be easily provided through texting (the most popular mobile phone behavior in our sample), as illustrated in work indicating that texting is often used to connect with less-close communication partners (Kim et al. 2007) and that relationships with mor…”

“As in many other studies with adolescents, in which the response rate ranges from 52 to 80 % (Shrier et al. 2007; Whalen et al. 2001), participants responded to 66 % of the signals.”

“Having rules regarding TV could be a behavior indicative of the parental involvement known to be protective against children’s depression (Hamza and Willoughby 2011).”

“Other practices, such as unstated expectations or reactions to problematic behaviors, have not been researched, which may explain the discrepancies between the responses of adults (Gentile et al. 2012)—who are monitoring for problematic behaviors—and children—who might not be aware of the monitoring.”

“An Australian study, on the other hand, found links between depression/anxiety and video game play, but not other media use (Mathers et al. 2009).”

“The stress of constant connectedness afforded by mobile phones has been identified by young adults as a potential mechanism linking their use to depression (Thomée et al. 2010).”

“More recent work has found links between media use and poorer mental health only among people with certain use patterns—very light or very heavy (Bélanger et al. 2011)—and for certain types of use— seeking health information (Bessière et al. 2010).”

“EMA measures common behaviors in real time by signaling participants throughout the day to complete a series of questions that capture activities, emotions, and context (Shiffman 2000; Shrier et al. 2007).”

“There is, however, little evidence that TV viewing displaces activities that are protective against depression, such as time with family and friends (Bickham and Rich 2006; Vandewater et al. 2006).”

“Such bonds traditionally result from face-to-face interactions that involve rich multi-faceted channels of information that are usually missing from texting and mobile phone calls (Cerulo 1997).”

“Depression is the most common mental disorder among children and adolescents and can result in impairments in social skills, diminished cognitive development, reduced academic achievement, and suicide (Brown et al. 2013; Chérif et al. 2012; Guberman and Manassis 2011; Lundy et al. 2010; Ryan 2005).”

“Parental depression would be especially important to include in future studies of adolescents, as it has been shown to be linked to younger children’s TV viewing (Burdette et al. 2003).”

“Participants’ media use assessed through the EMA questionnaires was calculated by summing the number of moments each participant reported using media (Primack et al. 2011).”

“This link could be explained by exposure to TV content—images from programs and advertising negatively affecting body perceptions—or TV viewing displacing more protective activities (Primack et al. 2009).”

“relationships (Angster et al. 2010).”

“Children with depressed parents and those whose parents monitor them less are at considerably higher risk for depression than their peers (Bellamy and Hardy 2014; Goodman and Tully 2008).”

“during the week following enrollment and then, to provide additional data and comparison points to help evaluate the reliability of this approach (Blood et al. 2014), for an 148 D.”

“Depression is the most common mental disorder among children and adolescents and can result in impairments in social skills, diminished cognitive development, reduced academic achievement, and suicide (Brown et al. 2013; Chérif et al. 2012; Guberman and Manassis 2011; Lundy et al. 2010; Ryan 2005).”

“…✔ Mathers et al. (2009) 925 ✔ ✔ ✔ Messias et al. (2011) 29,941 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Nihill et al. (2013) 357 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Pantic et al. (2011) 1860 ✔ ✔ Park (2009) 3449 ✔ ✔ Robinson et al. (2011) 1860 ✔ ✔ Trinh et al. (2015) 2,660 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Ybarra et al. (2005) 1501 ✔ ✔ Young et al. (2013) 136,589 ✔ ✔…”

“Two studies included a procedure where participants responded to questions about activity, including mobile phone use, several times per day on a given signal [26,95].”