Determinants of occurrence and recovery from hallucinations in daily life
Abstract
Background Data related to the dynamics of hallucinatory experiences of patients suffering from schizophrenia are scarce. Detecting antecedent conditions and coping strategies may aid development of targeted psychological interventions.Method We studied hallucinating and non-hallucinating patients suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorder (n = 57), and non-schizophrenic severe mentally ill patients with depression (n = 37). Data were collected using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) over a period of 1 week. Contingent on a randomly signalling beep, subjects filled in reports of ongoing hallucinations as well as thought, mood, current activity, social circumstances and places frequented.Results More subjects suffering from schizophrenia reported hallucinations, but for all hallucinating subjects the qualities of hallucination episodes were quite similar. More subjects reported visual hallucinations at least once. In contrast, the intensity of auditory hallucinations was higher. Anxiety was the most prominent emotion during hallucinations and reports of anxiety intensity exceeded baseline levels before the first report of auditory hallucinations. Context modified hallucination intensity over the course of an episode. Social withdrawal resulted in a decrease of hallucinatory intensity (AH > VH), while social engagement slightly raised intensity levels (VH > AH). Doing nothing (VH > AH) and work activities (AH > VH) led to decreases in intensity levels over time, while passive leisure activities (watching TV) resulted in increases in intensity levels of hallucinations (AH > VH).Conclusion The results suggest that hallucinating experiences are subject to a host of contextual influences. Understanding variation offers useful insights for therapy.
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In severe mental illness, EMA research suggests a link between environmental context and intensity of hallucinations.
“In the field of SMI, research using this method has suggested a link between the environmental context and the intensity of hallucinations (81)”
From Mobile intervention for individuals with psychosis, dual disorders, and their common comorbidities: A literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
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Vaessen, T., van Nierop, M. M., Decoster, J., Delespaul, P., Derom, C. A., Hert, M. A. F. D., Jacobs, N., Menne‐Lothmann, C., Rutten, B. P. F., Thiery, E. W., et al. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.07.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Diminished auditory sensory gating during active auditory verbal hallucinations
Thoma, R. J., Meier, A. M., Houck, J. M., Clark, V. P., Lewine, J. D., Turner, J. A., Calhoun, V. D., & Stephen, J. M. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.023 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
PHENOMENOLOGY OF VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS IN PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS
Gauntlett‐Gilbert, J., & Kuipers, E. (2003) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000055084.01402.02 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Experience Sampling Method in psychosis research
Myin‐Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2003) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-200304002-00006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Rabeyron, T., & Loose, T. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01926 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Objects that induce face pareidolia are prioritized by the visual system
Caruana, N., & Seymour, K. J. (2021) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12546 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Jongeneel, A., Aalbers, G., Bell, I., Fried, E. I., Delespaul, P., Riper, H. M., van der Gaag, M., & van den Berg, D. P. G. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.055 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mote, J., Gard, D. E., Gonzalez, R., & Fulford, D. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Unravelling psychosis: psychosocial epidemiology, mechanism, and meaning.
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van Os, J., Delespaul, P., Barge‐Schaapveld, D. Q. C. M., & Bakker, P. R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115254 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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“In the field of SMI, research using this method has suggested a link between the environmental context and the intensity of hallucinations (81) and a greater reactivity to daily stresses between individuals at risk of developing psychosis (82).”
MethodPredicting Psychotic-Like Experiences during Sensory Deprivation
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How anxiety induces verbal hallucinations
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Overall cortisol, diurnal slope, and stress reactivity in psychosis: An experience sampling approach
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Psychotic-Like Experiences and Their Cognitive Appraisal Under Short-Term Sensory Deprivation
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- Authors
- Delespaul, P., deVries, M., & van Os, J.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- ORCID
- Delespaul, Philippe
- Venue
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 97-104
- ISSN
- 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-9285
- OpenAlex
- W2066654897
- Cited by
- 247
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- hallucinations, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations, contextual factors, social withdrawal, social engagement, anxiety, coping strategies, everyday life, severe mental illness, depression
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Affective Disorders, Psychotic, Anxiety, Hallucinations, Humans, Models, Psychological, Netherlands, Regression Analysis, Schizophrenia, Self-Assessment, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Multivariate Analysis
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