Environmental Enrichment Reverses Behavioral Alterations in Rats Prenatally Exposed to Valproic Acid: Issues for a Therapeutic Approach in Autism
Abstract
Environmental enrichment has been repeatedly shown to affect multiple aspects of brain function, and is known to improve cognitive, behavioral, and histopathological outcome after brain injuries. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine the effect of an enriched environment on behavioral aberrations observed in male rats exposed to valproic acid on day 12.5 of gestation (VPA rats), and proposed on the basis of etiological, anatomical, and behavioral data as an animal model of autism. Environmental enrichment reversed almost all behavioral alterations observed in the model. VPA rats after environmental enrichment (VPA-E) compared to VPA rats reared in standard conditions have higher sensitivity to pain and lower sensitivity to nonpainful stimuli; stronger acoustic prepulse inhibition; lower locomotor, repetitive/stereotypic-like activity, and enhanced exploratory activity; decreased anxiety; increased number of social behaviors; and shorter latency to social explorations. In comparison with control animals (Con), VPA-E rats exhibited increased number of pinnings in adolescence and social explorations in adulthood, and were less anxious in the elevated plus maze. Similar differences in social behavior and anxiety were observed between control rats exposed to environmental enrichment (Con-E) and control group reared in standard conditions. These results suggest that postnatal environmental manipulations can counteract the behavioral alterations in VPA rats. We propose environmental enrichment as an important tool for the treatment of autism spectrum disorders.
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- Authors
- Schneider, T., Turczak, J., & Przewłocki, R.
- Affiliations
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Przewłocki, Ryszard
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2005-05-25
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 36-46
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- OpenAlex
- W2048283976
- Semantic Scholar
- 0d669ecd7b264795586471ddffae9a545d871ba7
- Cited by
- 298
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- environmental enrichment, valproic acid, prenatal exposure, autism spectrum disorder, animal models of autism, pain sensitivity, anxiety, social behavior, repetitive behavior, locomotor activity, exploratory activity, autism treatment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anticonvulsants, Anxiety, Autistic Disorder, Behavior, Animal, Environment, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Motor Activity, Nociceptors, Pain, Pain Measurement, Physical Stimulation, Pregnancy, Social Behavior, Reflex, Startle, Stereotyped Behavior, Valproic Acid, Rats, Wistar, Pain Threshold, Maze Learning, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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