Antidepressant use and glycemic control
Abstract
Rationale Past research on the association of antidepressant medication use with glycemic control abnormalities has produced mixed results.Objective To examine the association of antidepressant use with glycemic control abnormalities and screen-positive diabetes in a representative population sample of US adults without a diagnosis of diabetes.Methods Using data from adult participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005-2010), the association of antidepressant use with continuous measures of HbA1c, fasting blood sugar, 2-h oral glucose tolerance test, insulin sensitivity and screen-positive diabetes according to HbA1c, fasting blood sugar and 2-h oral glucose tolerance test were assessed.Results Antidepressant use was not associated with increased levels of HbA1c, fasting blood sugar, 2-h oral glucose tolerance test, reduced insulin sensitivity or increased prevalence of screen-positive diabetes. Results were mostly consistent across sociodemographic groups and across different lengths of exposure, different classes of antidepressants and levels of body mass index.Conclusions In this representative population sample, antidepressant use was not associated with an increased risk of abnormalities in glycemic control or undetected diabetes. Positive findings from past research may be attributable to detection bias, in that individuals prescribed antidepressants may be more likely to be tested and diagnosed with diabetes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Other antidepressants, including tricyclic antidepressants, may exacerbate glycaemic dysfunction or have little effect on glucose homeostasis.
“whereas others, including tricyclic antidepressants, may exacerbate glycaemic dysfunction or have little effect on glucose homeostasis 46,47”
From Diabetes mellitus in people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and large scale meta‐analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [46]
Cites
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
Matthews, D. R., Hosker, J. P., Rudenski, A. S., Naylor, B. A., Treacher, D. F., & Turner, R. C. (1985) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00280883 · Cited by 31,502 · see citing works
Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
American Diabetes Association (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-s062 · Cited by 14,019 · see citing works
Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus
American Diabetes Association (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-s062 · Cited by 5,491 · see citing works
Katz, A., Nambi, S. S., Mather, K., Baron, A. D., Follmann, D. A., Sullivan, G., & Quon, M. J. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.7.6661 · Cited by 3,831 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Insulin sensitivity was assessed using the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) (Katz et al. 2000) , which is computed as 1/[log(I 0 )+log(G 0 )], where I 0 is the fasting insulin and G 0 is the fasting glucose.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOveradjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies.
Schisterman, E. F., Cole, S. R., & Platt, R. W. (2009) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181a819a1 · Cited by 2,096 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Thus, BMI can be considered a mediator of any association between antidepressant use and increased risk of glycemic abnormalities and adjusting for BMI can distort the causal relationships between exposure and outcome (Schisterman et al. 2009).”
BackgroundNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Rothwell, C. J. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_6177 · Cited by 2,087 · see citing works
Anderson, I. M. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00092-0 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
National Patterns in Antidepressant Medication Treatment
Olfson, M., & Marcus, S. C. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.81 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Huang, F. Y., Chung, H., Kroenke, K., Delucchi, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2006) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00409.x · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Antidepressants and Body Weight: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis
Serretti, A., & Mandelli, L. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.09r05346blu · Cited by 621 · cited 1× · see citing works
“BMI was not included in the main analyses as weight is a major risk factor for diabetes (Modan et al. 1986; Weinstein et al. 2004) and a number of antidepressants have been shown to be associated with weight gain (Fava 2000; Serretti and Mandelli 2010).”
BackgroundAntidepressant Use During Pregnancy and Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders
Croen, L. A. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.73 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Hanson, R. L., Pratley, R. E., Bogardus, C., Narayan, K. M. V., Roumain, J. M. L., Imperatore, G., Fagot-Campagna, A., Pettitt, D. J., Bennett, P. H., & Knowler, W. C. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010187 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Fluoxetine for depression in diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
Lustman, P. J., Freedland, K. E., Griffith, L. S., & Clouse, R. E. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.5.618 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Relationship of Physical Activity vs Body Mass Index With Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Weinstein, A. R. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.10.1188 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Antidepressant use in persons aged 12 and over: United States, 2005-2008.
Pratt, L. A., Brody, D. J., & Gu, Q. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Weight gain and antidepressants.
Fava, M. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Long-Term Use of Antidepressants for Depressive Disorders and the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus
Andersohn, F., Schade, R., Suissa, S., & Garbe, E. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08071065 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Proportion Of Antidepressants Prescribed Without A Psychiatric Diagnosis Is Growing
Mojtabai, R., & Olfson, M. (2011) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.1024 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationRubin, R. R., Ma, Y., Marrero, D. G., Peyrot, M., Barrett-Connor, E. L., Kahn, S. E., Haffner, S. M., Price, D. W., Knowler, W. C., & for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1827 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Frank, R. (2006) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.1353/book.3252 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Antidepressant Medication Use, Weight Gain, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Mika Kivimaki, B., Hamer, M., Batty, G. D., Geddes, J. R., Tabák, Á. G., Pentti, J., Virtanen, M., & Vahtera, J. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1187 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Depressive Disorder and Incident Diabetes Mellitus: The Effect of Characteristics of Depression
Campayo, A., de Jonge, P., Delgado, J. F. R., Saz, P., de la Cámara, C., Quintanilla, M. A., Marcos, G., Santabárbara, J., & Lobo, A. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09010038 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Better but not well: mental health policy in the United States since 1950
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-4478 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Mojtabai, R., & Olfson, M. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0704 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity, Dyslipidemia, and Diabetes With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Raeder, M. B., Bjelland, I., Vollset, S. E., & Steen, V. M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n1219 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Modan, M., Karasik, A., Halkin, H., Fuchs, Z., Lusky, A., Shitrit, A., & Modan, B. (1986) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00456115 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Goodnick, P. J. (2001) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1023/a:1009012815127 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Goodnick, P. J. (2001) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10401230109147127 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Pan, A., Sun, Q., Okereke, O. I., Rexrode, K. M., Rubin, R. R., Lucas, M., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2268-4 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Other Antidepressants and Risk of Fracture
Vestergaard, P., Rejnmark, L., & Mosekilde, L. (2008) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-007-9099-9 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Increase in Antidepressant Medication in the US Adult Population between 1990 and 2003
Mojtabai, R. (2008) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000112885 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationBreum, L., Christensen, U. B., Bak, J. F., Jacobsen, S., & Astrup, A. V. (1995) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(95)90077-2 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Weber-Hamann, B., Gilles, M., Lederbogen, F., Heuser, I., & Deuschle, M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n1204 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Atlantis, E. E., Browning, C. J., Sims, J., & Kendig, H. L. (2009) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2409 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Rubin, R. R., Ma, Y., Peyrot, M., Marrero, D. G., Price, D. W., Barrett-Connor, E., Knowler, W. C., & for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1033 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Mika Kivimaki, B., Batty, G. D., Jokela, M. M., Ebmeier, K. P., Vahtera, J., Virtanen, M., Brunner, E. J., Tabák, Á. G., Witte, D. R., Meena Kumari, B., et al. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.07.008 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
van Loon, B. J. P., Radder, J. K., Frölich, M. A., et al. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 63 · see citing works
No increased incidence of diabetes in antidepressant users
Knol, M. J., Geerlings, M. I., Egberts, T. C. G., Gorter, K. J., Grobbee, D. E., & Heerdink, E. R. (2007) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0b013e3282202c0e · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Usefulness of Fluoxetine in Obese Non‐Insulin‐Dependent Diabetics: A Multicenter Study
Daubresse, J., Kolanowski, J., Krzentowski, G., et al. (1996) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1996.tb00247.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Pyykkönen, A.-J., Räikkönen, K., Tuomilehto, J., Eriksson, J. G., Groop, L., & Isomaa, B. (2011) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2010.543921 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Use of antidepressant agents and the risk of type 2 diabetes
Khoza, S., Barner, J., Bohman, T. M., Rascati, K., Lawson, K. A., & Wilson, J. P. (2011) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-011-1168-3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ma, Y., Balasubramanian, R., Pagoto, S., Schneider, K. L., Culver, A. L., Olendzki, B. C., Tinker, L. F., Liu, S., Safford, M. M., Sepavich, D. M., et al. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1223 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Influence of antidepressants on glycaemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus
Knol, M. J., Derijks, H. J., Geerlings, M. I., Heerdink, E. R., Souverein, P. C., Gorter, K. J., Grobbee, D. E., & Egberts, T. C. G. (2008) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.1608 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms, Antidepressant Medication Use, and Insulin Resistance
Pyykkönen, A.-J., Räikkönen, K., Tuomilehto, J., Eriksson, J. G., Groop, L., & Isomaa, B. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-0107 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Antidepressants and cardiovascular outcomes in patients without known cardiovascular risk
Monte, S., Macchia, A., Romero, M., D'Ettorre, A., Giuliani, R., & Tognoni, G. (2009) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-009-0692-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Excess burden of type 1 and type 2 diabetes due to psychopathology
Atlantis, E. E. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(12)70007-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Moore, M. C., DiCostanzo, C. A., Dardevet, D. P., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00405.2004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Antidepressant drug use and future diabetes risk
Mika Kivimaki, B., & Batty, G. D. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2360-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Influence of Antidepressant Use on Glycemic Control in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Derijks, H. J., Janknegt, R., Heerdink, E. R., et al. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181acd0ac · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., Mitchell, A. J., De Hert, M., Wampers, M., Ward, P. B., Rosenbaum, S., & Correll, C. U. (2015) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20252 · Cited by 1,271 · see citing works
Vancampfort, D., Correll, C. U., Galling, B., Probst, M., De Hert, M., Ward, P. B., Rosenbaum, S., Gaughran, F., Lally, J., & Stubbs, B. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20309 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Vancampfort, D., Correll, C. U., Wampers, M., Sienaert, P., Mitchell, A. J., De Herdt, A., Probst, M., Scheewe, T. W., & De Hert, M. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002778 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Rosenbaum, S., Stubbs, B., Ward, P. B., Steel, Z., Lederman, O., & Vancampfort, D. (2015) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.04.009 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Vancampfort, D., Mitchell, A. J., De Hert, M., Sienaert, P., Probst, M., Buys, R., & Stubbs, B. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22387 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Type 2 Diabetes Among People With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Vancampfort, D., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B., Steel, Z., Lederman, O., Lamwaka, A. V., Richards, J. W., & Stubbs, B. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000297 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mojtabai, R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mojtabai, Ramin
- ORCID
- Mojtabai, Ramin
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2013-01-20
- Volume
- 227
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 467-477
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W2007691804
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- antidepressants, glycemic control, diabetes mellitus, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, insulin sensitivity, detection bias, antidepressant side effects, NHANES
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antidepressive Agents, Blood Glucose, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Drug Prescriptions, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Linear Models, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
