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Cited by 1,271Schizophrenia research and treatmentDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsBipolar Disorder and Treatment

Risk of metabolic syndrome and its components in people with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Open access
Vancampfort, Davy, Stubbs, Brendon, Mitchell, Alex J., De Hert, Marc, Wampers, Martien, Ward, Philip B., Rosenbaum, Simon, Correll, Christoph U.·2015·World Psychiatry
DOI 10.1002/wps.20252PMC PMC4592657
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Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components are highly predictive of cardiovascular diseases. The primary aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to assess the prevalence of MetS and its components in people with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, comparing subjects with different disorders and taking into account demographic variables and psychotropic medication use. The secondary aim was to compare the MetS prevalence in persons with any of the selected disorders versus matched general population controls. The pooled MetS prevalence in people with severe mental illness was 32.6% (95% CI: 30.8%‐34.4%; N = 198; n = 52,678). Relative risk meta‐analyses established that there was no significant difference in MetS prevalence in studies directly comparing schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder, and in those directly comparing bipolar disorder versus major depressive disorder. Only two studies directly compared people with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, precluding meta‐analytic calculations. Older age and a higher body mass index were significant moderators in the final demographic regression model (z = −3.6, p = 0.0003, r 2 = 0.19). People treated with all individual antipsychotic medications had a significantly (p<0.001) higher MetS risk compared to antipsychotic‐naïve participants. MetS risk was significantly higher with clozapine and olanzapine (except vs. clozapine) than other antipsychotics, and significantly lower with aripiprazole than other antipsychotics (except vs. amisulpride). Compared with matched general population controls, people with severe mental illness had a significantly increased risk for MetS (RR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.35‐1.86; p<0.001) and all its components, except for hypertension (p = 0.07). These data suggest that the risk for MetS is similarly elevated in the diagnostic subgroups of severe mental illness. Routine screening and multidisciplinary management of medical and behavioral conditions is needed in these patients. Risks of individual antipsychotics should be considered when making treatment choices.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This systematic review and meta-analysis found that metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects about one third of people with severe mental illness and is elevated versus matched general population controls. Risk was similar across schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, but differed by age, body mass index, and individual antipsychotic medication.

Key findings

  • Pooled MetS prevalence in people with severe mental illness was 32.6% (95% CI: 30.8%–34.4%; N=198; n=52,678), and compared with matched general population controls the relative risk was 1.58 (95% CI: 1.35–1.86; p<0.001).
  • MetS prevalence did not differ significantly in direct comparisons of schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder (RR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.79–1.06; p=0.24) or bipolar disorder versus major depressive disorder (RR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.48–1.55; p=0.64); only two studies directly compared schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, precluding meta-analysis.
  • Older age and higher body mass index were significant moderators in the final demographic regression model (z=23.6, p=0.0003, r²=0.19).
  • Among antipsychotics, MetS prevalence was lowest for aripiprazole (19.4%, 95% CI: 8.0%–34.2%) and highest for clozapine (47.2%, 95% CI: 42.0%–52.6%); antipsychotic-naïve participants had 10.2% (95% CI: 6.8%–14.3%). Compared with controls, risk was increased for all MetS components except hypertension, which showed a statistical trend (RR=1.12, 95% CI: 0.99–1.28; p=0.07).

Methods

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis conducted according to MOOSE and PRISMA, searching MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, EMBASE, and CINAHL from database inception to January 1, 2015.
  • Included observational studies in adults with DSM-IV/ICD-10 diagnoses of schizophrenia or related psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder, and MetS defined by non-modified ATP-III, ATP-III-A, IDF, or WHO criteria; 198 studies with 52,678 unique persons with severe mental illness were included.
  • Pooled prevalence used the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects proportion method; relative risks were calculated for MetS and its components within and across diagnostic subgroups and versus matched general population controls, with meta-regression for moderators.

Limitations

  • The paper states considerable methodological heterogeneity across studies; cross-sectional data meant directionality of medication–metabolic associations could not be deduced with certainty; clinical subtypes and concomitant or previous antidepressant/mood stabilizer use were often insufficiently reported or controlled; publication bias and heterogeneity were encountered, though main findings were robust after trim-and-fill adjustment; and inadequate data on ethnicity and lifestyle behaviors precluded meta-analytic assessment of these factors.
  • Evident from the text: there were no data in first-episode bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder patients, precluding comparison with multi-episode patients, and only two studies directly compared schizophrenia and major depressive disorder.
  • Evident from the text: illness duration was a significant predictor in separate meta-regression but not in the final model, which the authors note may be due to limited data available for illness duration compared with age.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/wps.20252

Cites

65 of 65 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 19 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Metabolic syndrome risk was significantly higher with olanzapine than with other antipsychotics except clozapine.

    “MetS risk was significantly higher with clozapine and olanzapine (except vs. clozapine) than other antipsychotics, and”
    • Also stated in: § Medication use · plain
      “Those treated with olanzapine had significantly higher MetS prevalence than those treated with amisulpride (p<0.05),aripiprazole (p<0.001),risperidone (p<0.01) and typical antipsychotic medications (p<0.05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    People with severe mental illness had significantly increased risk for hyperglycaemia compared with general population controls (RR=1.51, 95% CI 1.24-1.84, p<0.001).

    “hyperglycaemia (N 5 20; RR 5 1.51, 95% CI: 1.24-1.84,p<0.001;Q 5 94.4,p<0.001)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Compared with matched general population controls, people with severe mental illness had a significantly increased risk for metabolic syndrome (RR=1.58; 95% CI 1.35-1.86; p<0.001).

    “Compared with matched general population controls, people with severe mental illness had a significantly increased risk for MetS (RR 5 1.58; 95% CI: 1.35-1.86;p<0.001) and all its components, except for hypertension (p 5 0.07).”
    • Also stated in: § Risk of metabolic syndrome and its components in persons with various disorders compared with general population controls · plain
      “In a pooled relative risk metaanalysis, persons with SMIs (n 5 6,610; 29.2%, 95% CI: 25.9%-32.6%;Q 5 230, p<0.001), compared with general population controls (n 5 101,223; 18.1%, 95% CI: 15.8%-20.5%,Q 5 230, p<0.001), had significantly increased risk of MetS (RR 5 1.58, 95% CI: 1.35-1.86,p<0.001;Q 5 62, p 5 0.003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    People with severe mental illness had significantly increased risk for low HDL cholesterol compared with general population controls (RR=1.33, 95% CI 1.15-1.54, p<0.001).

    “low HDL cholesterol (N 5 19; RR 5 1.33, 95% CI: 1.15-1.54,p<0.001;Q 5 114.7, p<0.001)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    People with severe mental illness had significantly increased risk for abdominal obesity compared with general population controls (RR=1.43, 95% CI 1.23-1.66, p<0.001).

    “People with severe mental illness had significantly increased risk for abdominal obesity (N 5 18; RR 5 1.43, 95% CI: 1.23-1.66,p<0.001;Q 5 198.8, p<0.001)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 13
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 13

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Only two studies directly compared people with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, precluding meta-analytic calculations.

    “Only two studies directly compared people with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, precluding meta-analytic calculations.”
    • Also stated in: § Diagnostic subgroups · plain
      “Only two studies directly compared MetS in people with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, precluding meta-analytic calculations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Adjusting for publication bias with trim-and-fill had little effect on the pooled metabolic syndrome estimate, which was virtually identical (32.5%, 95% CI 30.8-34.2).

    “The trim-andfill method demonstrated that adjusting for publication bias had little effect on the pooled MetS estimate, which was virtually identical (32.5%, 95% CI: 30.8%-34.2%,Q 5 2991, p<0.01, n 5 52,678).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were no data in first-episode bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder patients, precluding a comparison with multi-episode patients.

    “There were no data in first-episode bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder patients, precluding a comparison with multi-episode patients.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    South America had the lowest pooled MetS prevalence (25.8%).

    “South-America | 10 | 25.8% (95% CI: 20.7%-31.3%)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Different MetS criteria may somewhat affect the geographical differences, with IDF criteria being associated with the highest MetS prevalences.

    “This finding may, however, be somewhat affected by different MetS criteria, with IDF criteria, which are often used in Australian studies, being associated with the highest MetS prevalences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Australia and New Zealand had the highest pooled MetS prevalence (50.2%).

    “Australia and New Zealand* | 6 | 50.2% (95% CI: 35.3%-65.0%)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The mortality gap in severe mental illness appears to be widening.

    “This mortality gap translates into a 10-20 year shortened life expectancy (3,4) and appears to be widening (5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    People with severe mental illness experience a two-to-three times higher mortality rate than the general population.

    “People with severe mental illness (SMI), including schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD), experience a twothree times higher mortality rate than the general population (1,2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] source

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    • cites [2] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The mortality gap in severe mental illness translates into a 10-20 year shortened life expectancy.

    “This mortality gap translates into a 10-20 year shortened life expectancy (3,4) and appears to be widening (5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Methodological appraisal was performed according to PRISMA standards, including evaluation of bias (confounding, overlapping data, publication bias).

    “Methodological appraisal was performed according to PRISMA standards (28), including evaluation of bias (confounding, overlapping data, publication bias).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A brief meta-analytic report comparing metabolic syndrome frequencies in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder found that these populations are at similar risk.

    “A brief meta-analytic report comparing MetS frequencies in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder found that these populations are at similar risk (25).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Sensitivity analyses were conducted restricting the sample to large, population-based studies.

    “In order to increase homogeneity of compared samples and eliminate smaller studies with less precise point estimates, we also conducted sensitivity analyses, restricting the sample to large, population-based studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Two independent authors searched MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, EMBASE and CINAHL from database inception to January 1, 2015.

    “Two independent authors (DV, BS) searched MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, EMBASE and CINAHL from database inception to January 1, 2015.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    This systematic review was conducted in accordance with MOOSE guidelines and in line with the PRISMA standard.

    “This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines (27) and in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standard (28).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [27] source

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    • cites [28] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the general population, clustered risk factors of metabolic syndrome have been associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases and excess mortality.

    “In the general population, these clustered risk factors have been associated with the development of CVD and excess mortality (13)(14)(15).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites (13)(14)(15)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Publication bias was tested using the Egger's regression method and Begg-Mazumdar test, with a p value <0.05 suggesting the presence of bias.

    “Publication bias was tested using the Egger's regression method (29) and Begg-Mazumdar test (30), with a p value <0.05 suggesting the presence of bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [29] source

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    • cites [30] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The trim-and-fill approach was used to adjust the overall estimate for funnel plot asymmetry.

    “The trimand-fill approach (32) was used to adjust the overall estimate for funnel plot asymmetry.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Factors predisposing people with severe mental illness to cardiovascular diseases include antipsychotic medication and unhealthy lifestyles as well as their reduced likelihood to receive standard levels of medical care.

    “Factors predisposing people with SMI to CVD include antipsychotic medication and unhealthy lifestyles (7) as well as their reduced likelihood to receive standard levels of medical care (8)(9)(10)(11)(12).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The findings of the brief meta-analytic report should be interpreted with caution because comparisons were performed at study level and not limited to studies directly comparing the two populations, and patient samples were not matched for age and illness duration.

    “However, these findings should be interpreted with caution, since comparisons were performed at study level and not limited to studies directly comparing the two populations, and patient samples were not matched for age and illness duration (26).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Publication bias and heterogeneity are threats to the validity of any meta-analysis, and the authors encountered them in several analyses.

    “Fourth, a threat to the validity of any meta-analysis is publication bias and heterogeneity, which we encountered in several of our analyses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of metabolic syndrome and its components including and comparing data from the main severe mental illnesses: schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.

    “To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of MetS and its components including and comparing data from the main SMIs: schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Antipsychotics with lower cardiometabolic risk profiles in short-term studies are often prescribed for higher risk patients in clinical care, which may lead to a not reduced or even increased cardiometabolic risk in naturalistic settings.

    “antipsychotics with lower cardiometabolic risk profiles in short-term studies are often prescribed for higher risk patients in clinical care, which may lead to a not reduced or even increased cardiometabolic risk in naturalistic settings (42).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Although the main findings were heterogeneous, they were highly robust and not influenced by publication bias, being virtually unaltered after applying the trim-and-fill method.

    “However, although the main findings were heterogeneous, they were also highly robust and not influenced by publica-tion bias, being virtually unaltered after applying the trimand-fill method.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Since age is a relevant risk factor for metabolic syndrome in the general population too, the relative metabolic syndrome risk is greatest in younger people with severe mental illness and those treated with antipsychotics.

    “Since age is a relevant risk factor for MetS in the general population too, the relative MetS risk *Two-sided p<0.05, two-sided p<0.01, ***two-sided p<0.001”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
24 of 24

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Chronic conditions such as coronary artery disease, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, Major Depressive Disorder, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder are associated with abnormally high cortisol levels and metabolic disruptions.

    “chronic conditions such as coronary artery disease, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and mood disorders such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have also been associated with abnormally high CORT levels and metabolic disruptions ( 5-13 ).”

    From Dynamic modulation of glucose utilisation by glucocorticoid rhythms in health and disease (2020) · cites this paper as [13]

    The results section reports increased metabolic-syndrome risk in people with severe mental illness, a group the paper defines as including major depressive disorder. The Discussion also mentions possible HPA-axis dysfunction, but neither passage establishes abnormally high cortisol levels; the paper does not address the claimed associations for coronary artery disease, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, or PTSD. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Many conditions associated with hypercortisolism are accompanied by disruption of normal glucose metabolism while preserving some degree of cortisol rhythmicity.

    “many of these conditions are accompanied by a disruption of normal glucose metabolism while preserving some degree of CORT rhythmicity.”

    From Dynamic modulation of glucose utilisation by glucocorticoid rhythms in health and disease (2020) · cites this paper as [13]

    The section comparing people with severe mental illness with general-population controls reports an increased risk of hyperglycaemia, supporting the glucose-metabolism part of the claim for that population. Our copy does not establish that these conditions are associated with hypercortisolism or that they preserve any degree of cortisol rhythmicity; searches for those terms and for circadian rhythm found no such passage. The indexed passage has no page number. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • People with severe mental illness have higher levels of somatic comorbidities and premature mortality than the general population.

    “People with severe mental illness (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder) have higher levels of somatic comorbidities and premature mortality than the general population 1-3 .”

    From Sedentary behavior and physical activity levels in people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a global systematic review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [2]

  • In hypercortisolism, cortisol levels are higher than normal and in some cases display abnormal rhythmicity, varying by underlying condition.

    “in hypercortisolism, it is not only that CORT levels are higher than normal, but in some cases, they also display abnormal rhythmicity. This varies depending on whether the underlying condition is associated with Cushing's syndrome, depression, PTSD, acute inflammation following major surgery, or chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) ( 2, 5-13, 57-60 ).”

    From Dynamic modulation of glucose utilisation by glucocorticoid rhythms in health and disease (2020) · cites this paper as [13]

    The Discussion mentions possible hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction, but does not describe cortisol levels or rhythmicity. Searches for cortisol rhythms, hypercortisolism, and the named underlying conditions found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • There is evidence for pyridostigmine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, caffeine, and erythropoietin as adjunctive agents in patients who remain symptomatic with the above regimen.

    “There is evidence for the use of pyridostigmine 96 , non-steroidal anti-inflammatories 97 , caffeine 98 and erythropoietin 99 as adjunctive agents in patients who remain symptomatic with the above regime.”

    From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [97]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Multi-episode schizophrenia has more studies than schizophrenia overall

    Minor

    The paper reports 93 studies of schizophrenia overall but 105 studies of multi-episode schizophrenia, although the latter is a subgroup of the former. Both figures are also assigned the same participant total of 29,596.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. World Health Organization, 1999, Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus
  2. Duvall S, 2000, A non‐parametric ‘trim and fill’ method for assessing publication bias in meta‐analysis, J Am Stat Assoc, 95, 89

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Related

Authors
Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., Mitchell, A. J., De Hert, M., Wampers, M., Ward, P. B., Rosenbaum, S., & Correll, C. U.
Affiliations
  • KU Leuven (BE)
  • University of Greenwich (GB)
  • University of Leicester (GB)
  • UPC KU Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven ‐ University of Leuven Kortenberg Belgium
  • UNSW Sydney (AU)
  • Hofstra University (US)
ORCID
Venue
World Psychiatry
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2015-09-25
Volume
14
Issue
3
Pages
339-347
ISSN
  • 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
  • 2051-5545
DOI
10.1002/wps.20252
PMC
PMC4592657
OpenAlex
W2150458484
Cited by
1,271
References
65
Citations by year
2026: 120 · 2025: 142 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 4
FWCI
13.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Yale University
  • University of Pittsburgh
  • University of Rochester
  • Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
  • Newcastle University
  • Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
  • Universiteit Utrecht
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
  • University of Toronto
  • Kuopion Yliopistollinen Sairaala
  • Taipei Medical University
  • University of California, San Diego
  • Medical Center, University of Rochester
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
Keywords
metabolic syndrome, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, psychosis, severe mental illness, antipsychotic drugs, clozapine, olanzapine, aripiprazole, body mass index, cardiovascular risk, hypertension, metabolic syndrome prevalence

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