Type 2 Diabetes Among People With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To clarify the prevalence and predictors of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and where possible compare this to healthy controls. METHODS: We searched major electronic databases until May 2015 for studies reporting T2DM prevalence in people with PTSD. Two independent authors extracted data and completed methodological quality appraisal. A random-effects meta-analysis was used. RESULTS: From 1171 candidate publications after exclusions, nine publications were included (n = 23,396; 28.6% male; mean age = 35-60 years). The overall prevalence of T2DM was 10.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.1%-12.0%). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that war veterans experience higher prevalence of T2DM (16.3%; 95% CI = 5.2%-31.8%; n studies = 3, n = 473) compared with mixed samples (11.8%; 95% CI = 6.34-18.7, p < .001; n studies = 4, n = 2753). Increasing age (β = 0.0593, 95% CI = 0.010-0.109, z = 2.34, p = .019), median year of publication (β = -0.08, 95% CI = -0.14 to -0.03, z = -3.09, p = .002), and a lower percentage of white participants (β = -3.21, 95% CI = -5.12 to -1.29, z = -2.28, p = .001) predicted prevalence of T2DM. A relative risk meta-analysis comparing controls (n = 125,723) against those with PTSD (n = 23,203) demonstrated a significantly increased risk of T2DM (n studies = 5, relative risk = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.17-1.89, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: People with PTSD are at a high risk for developing T2DM. The current findings should, however, be interpreted with caution because most studies were based on self-report data.
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Reported links between anxiety and new onset diabetes mellitus are equivocal.
“Anxiety is not as well researched as depression, and reported links with new onset diabetes mellitus have been equivocal 69-74”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as [74]
In five studies (four longitudinal; healthy n=125,723, PTSD n=23,203), PTSD is associated with increased risk of T2DM (RR 1.49, 95% CI 1.17-1.89).
“| Five studies (four longitudinal; healthy n = 125,723, PTSD ( n = 23,203) | PTSD | *RR1.49 (95% CI 1.17-1.89). | Vancampfort (2016) 68 |”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as Vancampfort (2016) 68
PTSD is linked to elevations in traditional CVD risk factors.
“Numerous studies have also linked PTSD to elevations in traditional CVD risk factors 23-27”
From Psychological Health, Well-Being, and the Mind-Heart-Body Connection: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Individuals prescribed lithium have a mean weight gain of 4kg over 2 years.
“Individuals prescribed lithium have a mean weight gain of 4kg over 2 years 175 .”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [175]
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THE FEATURES OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER DEVELOPMENT IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS 2 TYPE
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Illness-induced post-traumatic stress disorder among Canadian Armed Forces Members and Veterans
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Causal associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and type 2 diabetes
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Exercise and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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Melatonin and blood pressure: a narrative review
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Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung
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- Authors
- Vancampfort, D., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B., Steel, Z., Lederman, O., Lamwaka, A. V., Richards, J. W., & Stubbs, B.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Vancampfort, Davy
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 465-473
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2338348701
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, post-traumatic stress disorder, diabetes prevalence, war veterans, diabetes risk factors, age, racial differences, relative risk, military health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
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