Methylphenidate alters selective attention by amplifying salience
Open accessAbstract
Rationale Methylphenidate, the most common treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is increasingly used by healthy individuals as a "smart drug" to enhance cognitive abilities like attention. A key feature of (selective) attention is the ability to ignore irrelevant but salient information in the environment (distractors). Although crucial for cognitive performance, until now, it is not known how the use of methylphenidate affects resistance to attentional capture by distractors.Objectives The present study aims to clarify how methylphenidate affects distractor suppression in healthy individuals.Methods The effect of methylphenidate (20 mg) on distractor suppression was assessed in healthy subjects (N = 20), in a within-subject double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design. We used a visuospatial attention task with target faces flanked by strong (faces) or weak distractors (scrambled faces).Results Methylphenidate increased accuracy on trials that required gender identification of target face stimuli (methylphenidate 88.9 ± 1.4 [mean ± SEM], placebo 86.0 ± 1.2 %; p = .003), suggesting increased processing of the faces. At the same time, however, methylphenidate increased reaction time when the target face was flanked by a face distractor relative to a scrambled face distractor (methylphenidate 34.9 ± 3.73, placebo 26.7 ± 2.84 ms; p = .027), suggesting enhanced attentional capture by distractors with task-relevant features.Conclusions We conclude that methylphenidate amplifies salience of task-relevant information at the level of the stimulus category. This leads to enhanced processing of the target (faces) but also increased attentional capture by distractors drawn from the same category as the target.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Methylphenidate and amphetamine have been demonstrated to improve selective attention.
“Similarly, methylphenidate111,112 and amphetamine113 have been demonstrated to improve selective attention”
From Paying attention to attention in depression (2019) · cites this paper as [112]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139 · see citing works
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216 · see citing works
Neural Mechanisms of Selective Visual Attention
Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205 · Cited by 8,388 · see citing works
The attention system of the human brain
Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 · Cited by 8,070 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Selective attention is thought to depend on the ability to bias processing of environmental features competing for computational resources (Desimone and Duncan 1995; Keysers and Perrett 2002; Posner and Petersen 1990).”
The mini international neuropsychiatric interview
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Hergueta, T., & Weiller, E. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80239-9 · Cited by 5,882 · see citing works
Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database
Langner, O., Dotsch, R., Bijlstra, G., Wigboldus, D. H. J., Hawk, S. T., & van Knippenberg, A. (2010) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930903485076 · Cited by 2,431 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 2,026 · see citing works
Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts
Dias, R., Robbins, T. W., & Roberts, A. C. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/380069a0 · Cited by 1,527 · see citing works
Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy
Greely, H. T., Sahakian, B. J., Harris, J., Kessler, R. C., Gazzaniga, M. S., Campbell, P., & Farah, M. J. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/456702a · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Mehta, M. A., Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., Mavaddat, N., Pickard, J. D., & Robbins, T. W. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-06-j0004.2000 · Cited by 608 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Improved working memory (Clatworthy et al. 2009; Elliott et al. 1997; Mehta et al. 2000) and enhanced sustained attention (Agay et al.”
InfluentialCognitive enhancing effects of modafinil in healthy volunteers
Turner, D. C., Robbins, T. W., Clark, L., Aron, A. R., Dowson, J. H., & Sahakian, B. J. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1250-8 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Is the short-latency dopamine response too short to signal reward error?
Redgrave, P., Prescott, T. J., & Gurney, K. (1999) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01373-3 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Comparing the efficacy of stimulants for ADHD in children and adolescents using meta-analysis
Faraone, S. V., & Buitelaar, J. (2010) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-009-0054-3 · Cited by 485 · cited 12× · see citing works
“In addition, inattentive and hyperactivity/ impulsivity symptoms of ADHD were assessed with an ADHD DSM-IV self-report questionnaire (DuPaul and Anastopoulos 1998).”
InfluentialSelf-citationFrank, M. J., & O'Reilly, R. C. (2006) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.120.3.497 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Jayne, M., Franceschi, D., Wong, C., Gatley, S. J., Gifford, A. N., Ding, Y., et al. (2002) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.10075 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Smith, M. E., & Farah, M. J. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023825 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Revisiting the role of persistent neural activity during working memory
Sreenivasan, K. K., Curtis, C. E., & D’Esposito, M. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.001 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Roberts, A., De Salvia, M., Wilkinson, L., Collins, P., Muir, J., Everitt, B., & Robbins, T. (1994) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-05-02531.1994 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Effects of methylphenidate on spatial working memory and planning in healthy young adults
Elliott, R., Sahakian, B. J., Matthews, K., Bannerjea, A., Rimmer, J., & Robbins, T. W. (1997) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050284 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Newcorn, J., Telang, F., Solanto, M. V., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Schulz, K., Pradhan, K., et al. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.932 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Fractionating Attentional Control Using Event-Related fMRI
Hampshire, A., & Owen, A. M. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj116 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Rogers, R. D., Blackshaw, A. J., Middleton, H. C., Matthews, K., Hawtin, K., Crowley, C., Hopwood, A., Wallace, C., Deakin, J. F. W., Sahakian, B. J., et al. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/pl00005494 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Stimulant drugs and vigilance performance: a review
Koelega, H. S. (1993) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02257400 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Crofts, H. S. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.11.1015 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., Telang, F., Maynard, L., Logan, J., Gatley, S. J., Pappas, N., Wong, C., Vaska, P., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.7.1173 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Wilens, T. E. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e318173312f · Cited by 269 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This leads to enhanced processing of the target (faces) but also increased attentional capture by distractors drawn from the same category as the target.”
Demakis, G. J. (2003) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.17.2.255 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Chemistry of the adaptive mind
Cools, R., & Robbins, T. W. (2004) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2004.1468 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationSwanson, J., Gupta, S., Lam, A., Shoulson, I., Lerner, M., Modi, N., Lindemulder, E., & Wigal, S. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.204 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Microsaccade dynamics during covert attention
Laubrock, J., Engbert, R., & Kliegl, R. M. (2004) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.09.029 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Clatworthy, P. L., Lewis, S. J. G., Brichard, L., Hong, Y. T., Izquierdo, D., Clark, L., Cools, R., Aigbirhio, F. I., Baron, J.-C., Fryer, T. D., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3266-08.2009 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationPIETRZAK, R., MOLLICA, C., MARUFF, P., & SNYDER, P. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.10.002 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Visual masking and RSVP reveal neural competition
Keysers, C., & Perrett, D. I. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01852-0 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
A dopaminergic basis for working memory, learning and attentional shifting in Parkinsonism
Moustafa, A. A., Sherman, S. J., & Frank, M. J. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.011 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Top-down and bottom-up attentional control: On the nature of interference from a salient distractor
Kim, M.-S., & Cave, K. R. (1999) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03207609 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Dopamine modulation in the basal ganglia locks the gate to working memory
Gruber, A. J., Dayan, P., Gutkin, B. S., & Solla, S. A. (2006) · Journal of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s10827-005-5705-x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Computational models of motivated action selection in corticostriatal circuits
Frank, M. J. (2011) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2011.02.013 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Cognitive effects of methylphenidate in healthy volunteers: a review of single dose studies
Linssen, A. M. W., Sambeth, A., Vuurman, E. F. P. M., & Riedel, W. J. (2014) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145713001594 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Baier, B., Karnath, H. ‐., Dieterich, M., Birklein, F., Heinze, C., & Müller, N. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1513-10.2010 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
del Campo, N., Fryer, T. D., Hong, Y. T., Smith, R., Brichard, L., Acosta-Cabronero, J., Chamberlain, S. R., Tait, R., Izquierdo, D., Regenthal, R., et al. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt263 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
van Schouwenburg, M. R., Aarts, E., & Cools, R. (2010) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161210791293097 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationHampshire, A., Duncan, J., & Owen, A. M. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0851-07.2007 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stimulant medications as cognitive enhancers
Advokat, C. D., & Scheithauer, M. C. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00082 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Prefrontal Dopamine Levels Determine the Balance between Cognitive Stability and Flexibility
Fallon, S. J., Williams‐Gray, C. H., Barker, R., Owen, A. M., & Hampshire, A. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs025 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes a salient distractor capture attention early in processing?
Lamy, D., Tsal, Y., & Egeth, H. E. (2003) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196524 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Working Memory Capacity Predicts Effects of Methylphenidate on Reversal Learning
van der Schaaf, M. E., Fallon, S. J., ter Huurne, N., Buitelaar, J. K., & Cools, R. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.100 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationConcurrent processing reveals competition between visual representations of faces
Jacques, C., & Rossion, B. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200410250-00023 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Methylphenidate Effects on Prefrontal Functioning During Attentional-Capture and Response Inhibition
Pauls, A. M., O'Daly, O. G., Rubia, K., Riedel, W. J., Williams, S. C. R., & Mehta, M. A. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.028 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Agay, N., Yechiam, E., Carmel, Z., & Levkovitz, Y. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000076 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Jan, R. K., Lin, J. C., McLaren, D. G., Kirk, I. J., Kydd, R. R., & Russell, B. R. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00020 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Anatomical connection strength predicts dopaminergic drug effects on fronto-striatal function
van Schouwenburg, M. R., Zwiers, M. P., van der Schaaf, M. E., Geurts, D. E. M., Schellekens, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Verkes, R. J., & Cools, R. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3000-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Paying attention to attention in depression
Keller, A. S., Leikauf, J. E., Holt-Gosselin, B., Staveland, B. R., & Williams, L. M. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0616-1 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Chemistry of the Adaptive Mind: Lessons from Dopamine
Cools, R. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.035 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationDopamine and the motivation of cognitive control
Cools, R., Froböse, M. I., Aarts, E., & Hofmans, L. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00007-0 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationRoberts, C. A., Jones, A., Sumnall, H., Gage, S. H., & Montgomery, C. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.07.002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Drugs, games, and devices for enhancing cognition: implications for work and society
Brühl, A. B., & Sahakian, B. J. (2016) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13040 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Catecholaminergic modulation of the avoidance of cognitive control.
Froböse, M. I., Swart, J. C., Cook, J. L., Geurts, D. E. M., den Ouden, H. E. M., & Cools, R. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000523 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of the locus coeruleus in shaping adaptive cortical melodies
Wainstein, G., Müller, E. J., Taylor, N. L., Munn, B., & Shine, J. M. (2022) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.03.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
van den Bosch, R., Lambregts, B. I. H. M., Määttä, J. I., Hofmans, L., Papadopetraki, D., Westbrook, A., Verkes, R., Booij, J., & Cools, R. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32679-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationMindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and the Adult ADHD Brain: A Neuropsychotherapeutic Perspective
Bachmann, K., Lam, A. P., & Philipsen, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00117 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hofmans, L., Papadopetraki, D., van den Bosch, R., Määttä, J. I., Froböse, M. I., Zandbelt, B. B., Westbrook, A., Verkes, R., & Cools, R. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00834-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationIs Methylphenidate Beneficial and Safe in Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement?
Kapur, A. (2020) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00758-w · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Acetylcholine and noradrenaline enhance foraging optimality in humans
Doren, N., Chung, H.-K., Grueschow, M., Quednow, B. B., Hayward-Koennecke, H. K., Jetter, A., & Tobler, P. N. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2305596120 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Stimulant medications affect arousal and reward, not attention networks
Kay, B. P., Wheelock, M. D., Siegel, J. S., Raut, R. V., Chauvin, R. J., Metoki, A., Rajesh, A., Eck, A., Pollaro, J., Wang, A., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.11.039 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Li, S., May, C., Hannan, A. J., Johnson, K. A., & Burrows, E. L. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00873-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Fallon, S. J., Kienast, A., Muhammed, K., Ang, Y., Manohar, S., & Masud Husain, B. (2019) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119872190 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMethylphenidate differentially alters corticostriatal connectivity after traumatic brain injury
Mallas, E., Simoni, S. D., Jenkins, P. O., David, M., Bourke, N., & Sharp, D. J. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae334 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Enhancement of Social Norm Compliance: Prospects and Caveats
Civai, C., & Ma, I. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0009-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Shang, C., Chou, T., Hsieh, C.-Y., & Gau, S. S. (2022) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2022.0024 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sayalı, C., van den Bosch, R., Määttä, J. I., Hofmans, L., Papadopetraki, D., Booij, J., Verkes, R., Baas, M., & Cools, R. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01615-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationSoret, R., Charras, P., Khazar, I., Hurter, C., & Peysakhovich, V. (2020) · ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA) · doi:10.1145/3379157.3391418 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Catecholaminergic modulation of trust decisions
Răţală, C. E., Fallon, S. J., van der Schaaf, M. E., ter Huurne, N., Cools, R., & Sanfey, A. G. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-5165-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMethylphenidate boosts choices of mental labor over leisure depending on baseline striatal dopaminePreprint
Hofmans, L., Papadopetraki, D., van den Bosch, R., Määttä, J. I., Froböse, M. I., Zandbelt, B. B., Westbrook, A., Verkes, R., & Cools, R. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/859637 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationCatecholaminergic Modulation of Semantic Processing in Sentence Comprehension
Tan, Y., & Peter Hagoort, A. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa204 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Saleh, A. Y., Saputra, D. A. Y., Valentina, R., & Susanto, T. D. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.160416.3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mazzetti, C., ter Huurne, N., Buitelaar, J. K., & Jensen, O. B. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.990929 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationRêgo, R. D. A. M., Mendes, M. E. S., & Machado, Y. D. C. (2023) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v12i2.39958 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Saleh, A. Y., Saputra, D. A. Y., Valentina, R., & Susanto, T. D. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.160416.2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
van den Bosch, R., Lambregts, B. I. H. M., Määttä, J. I., Hofmans, L., Papadopetraki, D., Westbrook, A., Verkes, R., Booij, J., & Cools, R. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-700784/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationSaleh, A. Y., Saputra, D. A. Y., Valentina, R., & Susanto, T. D. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.160416.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cognitive Dysfunction and Suicide
Sunzeri, F. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14465-2_19
- Authors
- ter Huurne, N., Fallon, S. J., van Schouwenburg, M., van der Schaaf, M., Buitelaar, J., Jensen, O., & Cools, R.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2015-09-09
- Volume
- 232
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 4317-4323
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W1615346783
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 1.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (453-09-002)
- Cilag
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- methylphenidate, selective attention, distractor suppression, attentional capture, salience, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cognitive enhancement, face processing, visuospatial attention, healthy individuals
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Methylphenidate, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Cross-Over Studies, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
