Cognitive effects of methylphenidate in healthy volunteers: a review of single dose studies
Open accessAbstract
Methylphenidate (MPH), a stimulant drug with dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition properties, is mainly prescribed in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is increasingly used by the general population, intending to enhance their cognitive function. In this literature review, we aim to answer whether this is effective. We present a novel way to determine the extent to which MPH enhances cognitive performance in a certain domain. Namely, we quantify this by a percentage that reflects the number of studies showing performance enhancing effects of MPH. To evaluate whether the dose-response relationship follows an inverted-U-shaped curve, MPH effects on cognition are also quantified for low, medium and high doses, respectively. The studies reviewed here show that single doses of MPH improve cognitive performance in the healthy population in the domains of working memory (65% of included studies) and speed of processing (48%), and to a lesser extent may also improve verbal learning and memory (31%), attention and vigilance (29%) and reasoning and problem solving (18%), but does not have an effect on visual learning and memory. MPH effects are dose-dependent and the dose-response relationship differs between cognitive domains. MPH use is associated with side effects and other adverse consequences, such as potential abuse. Future studies should focus on MPH specifically to adequately asses its benefits in relation to the risks specific to this drug.
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The effects of tyrosine loading on working memory and information processing speed appear similar to those of methylphenidate.
“The effects of tyrosine loading on working memory and information processing speed appear to be similar to those of methylphenidate (Linssen et al., 2014).”
From Behavioral and cognitive effects of tyrosine intake in healthy human adults (2015) · cites this paper as Linssen et al., 2014
The Introduction (page unavailable) says methylphenidate enhances performance on tasks measuring processing speed or working memory in healthy volunteers. It does not report effects of tyrosine loading or compare tyrosine loading with methylphenidate; the References mention tyrosine/phenylalanine depletion, which is different. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe side effects of tyrosine appear milder and less frequent than those of methylphenidate, though toxicity data on long-term use are lacking.
“At the same time, the side effects of tyrosine appear to be milder and less frequent (Young, 1996) than those of methylphenidate (Linssen et al., 2014), though toxicity data on their long-term use are lacking.”
From Behavioral and cognitive effects of tyrosine intake in healthy human adults (2015) · cites this paper as Linssen et al., 2014
The Results (sections 3.3 and 3.4; page unavailable) report increased tension, heart rate, and blood pressure after methylphenidate. Our copy does not compare its side effects with tyrosine’s or address long-term toxicity, so it supports only the methylphenidate-effects portion of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMethylphenidate and amphetamine have been shown consistently to improve sustained attention in both healthy adults and youth and adults with ADHD.
“Both methylphenidate107,108 and amphetamine109,110 have been shown consistently to improve sustained attention in both healthy adults and youth and adults with ADHD.”
From Paying attention to attention in depression (2019) · cites this paper as [108]
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- Authors
- Linssen, A. M. W., Sambeth, A., Vuurman, E. F. P. M., & Riedel, W. J.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Linssen, A. M. W.
- Venue
- The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-01-15
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 06
- Pages
- 961-977
- ISSN
- 1461-1457 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-5111
- OpenAlex
- W2142027552
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 2.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- methylphenidate, cognitive enhancement, healthy volunteers, working memory, processing speed, verbal learning and memory, attention and vigilance, dose-response relationship, stimulants, cognitive side effects, abuse liability
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Brain, Cognition, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Methylphenidate, Nootropic Agents, Healthy Volunteers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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