Effects of synthetic Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol on binocular depth inversion of natural and artificial objects in man
Abstract
Binocular depth inversion represents an illusion of visual perception that is sensitive to various behavioural and psychiatric conditions. It is affected by cannabinoids, reflecting associated changes in perception. The present study investigated the differences in binocular depth inversion of different classes of natural and artificial objects and the effect of synthetic delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Dronabinol) on these illusionary perceptions. Using this model, the effects of orally administered Dronabinol on binocular depth inversion were investigated in 17 healthy male volunteers. Pictures from natural and artificial objects were presented stereoscopically and the depth perception of the volunteers was scored in an operationalized way. The timecourse of the effects of Dronabinol on binocular depth inversion was analyzed with regard to the stimulus classes (natural and synthetic objects). Significant differences in binocular depth inversion of the different groups of stimuli were revealed. Objects with a higher degree of everyday familiarity were generally seen as more illusionary than those with a lower degree of everyday familiarity. A strong impairment of binocular depth inversion due to Dronabinol was found in most classes of objects. Analysis of different stimulus classes provides further information on the underlying perceptual processing of binocular depth inversion. An impairment of top-down processing of visual sensory data by Dronabinol is suggested. The anandamidergic system seems to be involved in areas of visual information processing.
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Induction of pro-psychotic states in non-clinical populations via acute cannabinoids, chronic intoxication, or sleep deprivation experimentally reduces sensitivity to visual illusions.
“other studies have suggested that the induction of “pro-psychotic” states in non-clinical populations, via, for example, acute cannabinoids (Emrich et al., 1997; Leweke et al., 1999; Koethe et al., 2006), chronic intoxication (Semple et al., 2003) or sleep deprivation (Sternemann et al., 1997), enable to experimentally reduce sensitivity to VIs.”
From What visual illusions teach us about schizophrenia (2014) · cites this paper as Leweke et al., 1999
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“…tested (e.g. schizophrenia, sleep deprivation, cannabinoids, alcohol intoxikation and alcohol withdrawal) (Schneider et al., 1996a,b; Sternemann et al., 1997; Schneider et al., 1998; Leweke et al., 1999, 2000; Schneider et al., 2002), in spite of the fact that BPRS and OAVAV scores were high.”
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“Oral administration of cannabinoids to human subjects reduces/prevents reversal of binocular depth inversion to stereoscopically presented images, a task that depends on the integration of binocular sensory input (Leweke et al., 1999, 2000).”
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Prevalence and intensity of basic symptoms among cannabis users: an observational study
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“These findings, the observation that cannabis use can provoke perceptual alterations reminiscent of those observed in schizophrenia (19,20), and the association of hebephrenic schizophrenia with a CB1 (cannabinoid receptor type 1) polymorphism (21), suggest a link between psychosis and a disregulation of the endogenou…”
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Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and the Association with Psychosis
Radhakrishnan, R., Addy, P. H., Sewell, R. A., Skosnik, P. D., Ranganathan, M., & D’Souza, D. C. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-418679-8.00014-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Serotonin 2A receptors and cannabinoids
Ibarra‐Lecue, I., Dı́ez-Alarcia, R., & Urigüen, L. (2021) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Association Between Cannabinoids and Psychosis
Tikka, S. K., & D’Souza, D. C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90365-1_14 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Nguyen, J., Majmudar, U. V., Ravaliya, J. H., Papathomas, T. V., & Torres, E. B. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00694 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…existing drug and/or alcohol dependencies as it is known that binocular depth inversion is impaired in these populations (Schneider et al., 1996; Leweke et al., 1999); (3) if only partial data was obtained due to malfunctioning of the motion-capture system or excess sensitivity to…”
BackgroundCasares‐López, M., Ortiz‐Peregrina, S., Castro, J. J., et al. (2022) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2022.109231 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Impey, D., El-Marj, N., Parks, A., Choueiry, J., Fisher, D. J., & Knott, V. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.07.002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…an increased density of CB1 receptors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Dean et al., 2001) and anterior cingulate (Zavitsanou et al., 2004) and endocannabinoid levels in cerebrospinal fluid of SZ patients were found to be twofold higher in comparison to healthy controls (Leweke et al., 1999).”
BackgroundCor, iluminação e orientação do reverso de uma máscara facial não afetam a ilusão da máscara côncava
Quaglia, M. A. C., & Fukusima, S. S. (2009) · Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) · doi:10.1590/s1413-294x2009000200002 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Langfristige Folgen des chronischen Cannabiskonsums
Schneider, M. (2004) · SUCHT - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis / Journal of Addiction Research and Practice · doi:10.1024/2004.05.04 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sewell, R. A., Skosnik, P. D., García‐Sosa, I., Ranganathan, M., D’Souza, D. C., & Ribicoff, A. (2010) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Passie, T., Schneider, U., Borsutzky, M., Breyer, R., Emrich, H. M., Bandelow, B., & Schmid‐Ott, G. (2012) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2012.722649 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“A greater degree of familiarity implies a higher degree of preconception; we are thus likely to be more prone to illusions of perception when looking at very familiar objects such as faces (Leweke et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationRohleder, C., Koethe, D., Fritze, S., Topor, C. E., Leweke, F. M., & Hirjak, D. (2018) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-018-0886-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationBasavarajappa, B. S., Yalamanchili, R., Cooper, T. B., & Hungund, B. L. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30382-6_14 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The endogenous cannabinoid system in schizophrenia
Sundram, S., Dean, B., & Copolov, D. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543630.011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Putative Role of Endocannabinoids in Schizophrenia
Leweke, F. M., & Rohleder, C. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809666-6.00004-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationCannabis, Endocannabinoid CB1 Receptors, and the Neuropathology of Vision
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The Endocannabinoid System in the Vervet Monkey Retina
Bouskila, J., Palmour, R. M., Bouchard, J., & Ptito, M. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.71830 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Psychotomimetic and Cognitive Effects of Δ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol in Laboratory Settings
Cahill, J. D., Gupta, S., Cortes-Briones, J., Radhakrishnan, R., Sherif, M. A., & D’Souza, D. C. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804791-0.00004-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kaya, M., Bulut, M., Kaplan, İ., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2018.1540200 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“schizophrenia or a subgroup of schizophrenic syndromes [25,26].”
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Cannabinoids and schizophrenia
Rohleder, C., & Leweke, F. M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417041-4.00008-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationHallucinations in the Substance-Induced Psychosis
Mauri, M. C., Paletta, S., & Pace, C. D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75124-5_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Behavioral Effects of Endocannabinoids
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Ogawa, Y. E. (2007) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University)
A inversão de profundidade visual em faces côncavas
Quaglia, M. A. C., & Fukusima, S. S. (2006) · Psicologia USP · doi:10.1590/s0103-65642006000400005
Other Times I Can Barely See: The Effects of Hallucinogens on Vision and Attention
Baggott, M. J. (2010) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Leweke, F. M. (2009) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88955-7_16
Self-citationAnalysis of Spatial Perception
Parisi, P. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-67860-8_5
Erickson, M. A., Li, C., Bansal, S., Waltz, J. A., Corlett, P. R., & Gold, J. M. (2025) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2025.2467974
“…in HCS such as using cannabis or undergoing sleep deprivation yield reduced susceptibility to the DII (Emrich et al., 1997; Koethe et al., 2006; Leweke et al., 1999; Schneider et al., 1996a, 1996b), whereas DII perception is normal among individuals with other serious mental illnesses that are…”
Kassim, F. M., Davey, A. J. W., Tod, S., Rodger, J., Albrecht, M. A., & Martin-Iverson, M. T. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-02280-9
“These studies reported negative (i.e., more resistant to the illusion) effects of cannabinoids on a visual illusion (binocular depth inversion) 22–24 , 86 and the”
- Authors
- Leweke, F. M., Schneider, U., Thies, M., Münte, T. F., & Emrich, H. M.
- Affiliations
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 1999-03-04
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 230-235
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W1972994864
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, dronabinol, optical illusions, object familiarity, stereoscopic depth perception
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electrophysiology, Hallucinogens, Humans, Illusions, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychology, Perception, Dronabinol, Vision, Binocular, Observation
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