Cited by 132Origins and Evolution of LifePaleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsEarth Systems and Cosmic Evolution

Hydrothermal Focusing of Chemical and Chemiosmotic Energy, Supported by Delivery of Catalytic Fe, Ni, Mo/W, Co, S and Se, Forced Life to Emerge

Nitschke, Wolfgang, Russell, Michael J.·2009·Journal of Molecular Evolution

Abstract

Energised by the protonmotive force and with the intervention of inorganic catalysts, at base Life reacts hydrogen from a variety of sources with atmospheric carbon dioxide. It seems inescapable that life emerged to fulfil the same role (i.e., to hydrogenate CO(2)) on the early Earth, thus outcompeting the slow geochemical reduction to methane. Life would have done so where hydrothermal hydrogen interfaced a carbonic ocean through inorganic precipitate membranes. Thus we argue that the first carbon-fixing reaction was the molybdenum-dependent, proton-translocating formate hydrogenlyase system described by Andrews et al. (Microbiology 143:3633-3647, 1997), but driven in reverse. Alkaline on the inside and acidic and carbonic on the outside - a submarine chambered hydrothermal mound built above an alkaline hydrothermal spring of long duration - offered just the conditions for such a reverse reaction imposed by the ambient protonmotive force. Assisted by the same inorganic catalysts and potential energy stores that were to evolve into the active centres of enzymes supplied variously from ocean or hydrothermal system, the formate reaction enabled the rest of the acetyl coenzyme-A pathway to be followed exergonically, first to acetate, then separately to methane. Thus the two prokaryotic domains both emerged within the hydrothermal mound-the acetogens were the forerunners of the Bacteria and the methanogens were the forerunners of the Archaea.

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Crossref · 10.1007/s00239-009-9289-3

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  • The complaint that acetate has defied chemical synthesis in aqueous solution directly from CO2 and H2 in the laboratory probably relates to electron bifurcation, whereby aqueous acetate synthesis from CO2 with Fe±0 is facile.

    “An additional complaint of Nitschke & Russell [210] that ‘acetate has defied chemical synthesis in aqueous solution directly from CO2 and H2 in the laboratory’ probably relates to electron bifurcation, whereby aqueous acetate synthesis from CO2 with Fe±0 is facile [62].”

    From Early bioenergetic evolution (2013) · cites this paper as [210]

  • It is simplistic to argue that non-protein/inorganic equivalents of these machines with unspecified structures and unknown chemistry could have served as consumers of the first putative natural pH gradients.

    “However, it is simplistic to argue that non-protein/inorganic equivalents of these machines with unspecified structures, and utilizing completely unknown chemistry, could have served as consumers of those first putative natural pH gradients (Russell and Hall 2002; Russell 2007; Nitschke and Russell 2009; Russell et al. 2014).”

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Authors
Nitschke, W., & Russell, M. J.
Affiliations
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
  • California Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author
Russell, Michael J.
Venue
Journal of Molecular Evolution
Published
2009-11
Volume
69
Issue
5
Pages
481-496
ISSN
  • 0022-2844 (ISSN-L)
  • 1432-1432
OpenAlex
W2015506896
Cited by
132
References
120
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 16
FWCI
6.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Molecular Evolution (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-06-BLAN-0384)
  • NASA Astrobiology Institute
  • Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
Keywords
origin of life, hydrothermal vents, proton motive force, formate hydrogenlyase, CO2 fixation, inorganic catalysts, molybdenum, proton translocation, acetogenic bacteria, methanogenic archaea, early Earth
MeSH terms
Origin of Life, Acetates, Archaea, Bacteria, Copper, Energy Metabolism, Hot Temperature, Iron, Methane, Models, Biological, Molybdenum, Nickel, Osmosis, Seawater, Selenium, Sulfur, Trace Elements, Proton-Motive Force, Evolution, Chemical, Chemoautotrophic Growth

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