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Blood, Urine, and Sweat (BUS) Study: Monitoring and Elimination of Bioaccumulated Toxic Elements
Abstract
There is limited understanding of the toxicokinetics of bioaccumulated toxic elements and their methods of excretion from the human body. This study was designed to assess the concentration of various toxic elements in three body fluids: blood, urine and sweat. Blood, urine, and sweat were collected from 20 individuals (10 healthy participants and 10 participants with various health problems) and analyzed for approximately 120 various compounds, including toxic elements. Toxic elements were found to differing degrees in each of blood, urine, and sweat. Serum levels for most metals and metalloids were comparable with those found in other studies in the scientific literature. Many toxic elements appeared to be preferentially excreted through sweat. Presumably stored in tissues, some toxic elements readily identified in the perspiration of some participants were not found in their serum. Induced sweating appears to be a potential method for elimination of many toxic elements from the human body. Biomonitoring for toxic elements through blood and/or urine testing may underestimate the total body burden of such toxicants. Sweat analysis should be considered as an additional method for monitoring bioaccumulation of toxic elements in humans.
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“In healthcare settings, PFAS-coated devices such as catheters, guidewires, and implantable materials may represent a significant but under-recognized route of exposure, particularly among vulnerable populations such as neonates, children, and critically ill patients [10].”
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Hamadneh, J., Hamadneh, S., Massadeh, A. M., Kassab, M. I., Al-Bayyari, N. S., Khader, Y. S., & Sbuihat, W. (2018) · Australasian Medical Journal · doi:10.21767/amj.2018.3375 · Cited by 9
Pérez, F. J. G., Muñoz, D., Bartolomé, I., Siquier-Coll, J., Gil, M. C. R., & Maynar-Mariño, M. (2019) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-019-01837-w · Cited by 9
Biomarkers of Lead Exposure Among a Population Under Environmental Stress
Li, Y., Zhang, B., Li, H., Yang, L., Ye, B., Wang, W., & Rosenberg, M. W. (2013) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-013-9648-1 · Cited by 9
“However, from a toxicological viewpoint, blood lead level is considered to be the most appropriate biomarker of the absorbed dose and the total amount present in the human body [18, 24].”
BackgroundSweat as a diagnostic biofluid: analytical advances and future directions
Bordin, D. M., McCauley, J. I., de Campos, E. G., Bishop, D., & Martinis, B. S. D. (2025) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2025.101473 · Cited by 9
“This was further supported by a related study by the same group reporting that several toxic elements, including heavy metals and metalloids, were preferentially excreted through sweat, sometimes appearing exclusively in this matrix [32].”
Cho, K., Jung, S.-H., Choi, M.-S., Jung, Y.-J., Lee, C., & Choi, N. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-23437-3 · Cited by 7
“an important role in removing heavy metals accumulated in the body (Genuis et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialApproach to patients with unexplained multimorbidity with sensitivities.
Genuis, S. J., & Tymchak, M. G. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 7
Self-citationBuonaurio, F., Borra, F., Pigini, D., Paci, E., Spagnoli, M., Astolfi, M. L., Giampaoli, O., Sciubba, F., Miccheli, A., Canepari, S., et al. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10050267 · Cited by 7
Environmental Toxins Are a Major Cause of Bone Loss.
Pizzorno, J. E., & Pizzorno, L. (2021) · PubMed Central · Cited by 7
Occurrence of cyclotriphosphazene derivatives in human urine: Assessment of human exposure
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Okafor, O. C., & Obaze, W. O. (2025) · Environmental Forensics · doi:10.1080/15275922.2025.2459403 · Cited by 6
“Specifically, the kidneys tend to reabsorb cadmium, which results in reduced excretion rates (Genuis et al. 2011; Obasi and Akudinobi 2020).”
Perzhilla, L., Siyoucef, S., Al-Aslani, R., Rahman, M. M. U., & Al-Naffouri, T. Y. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3583220 · Cited by 6
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“Elements such as manganese, iron and zinc are essential elements for flora and fauna, but when present in high concentrations, they have been reported to cause health hazards in living organisms such as nervous system disorders, hallucinations, hypotension, diarrhoea, metabolic acidosis, gastrointestinal ulceration, h…”
Background“Anthropogens” in Lifestyle Medicine
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“exercise, and avoidance of the stimulant cause, where possible.(47,48) It should be obvious however that significant macro-environmental reforms, some of which may crossover with those required to moderate climate change and other environmental degradation, is necessary.”
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“28–30 days), and therefore they are not reliable indicators of long-term exposure [22].”
BackgroundYuneldi, R. F., Saraswati, T. R., & Yuniwarti, E. Y. W. (2021) · Biosaintifika Journal of Biology & Biology Education · doi:10.15294/biosaintifika.v13i2.29459 · Cited by 5
“The kidneys function for the disposal of metabolic waste products by the body such as urea and creatinine (Renda, 2017), and elimination of toxic substances (Genuis et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBiomonitoring-based Environmental Public Health Indicators
Egorov, A. I., Dalbokova, D., & Krzyżanowski, M. (2012) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-059-5_12 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Genuis, S. J., Birkholz, D., Rodushkin, I., & Beesoon, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Luleå University of Technology (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Genuis, Stephen J.
- Venue
- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
- Published
- 2010-11-06
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 344-357
- ISSN
- 0090-4341 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0703
- OpenAlex
- W2144786108
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Keywords
- toxic elements, bioaccumulation, toxicokinetics, sweat analysis, urine, blood, biomonitoring, metalloids, excretion pathways, body burden, heavy metals
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Chemical Analysis, Body Fluids, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Humans, Male, Metals, Middle Aged, Sweat, Young Adult
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