Influence of dietary nitrate on nitrite content of human saliva: Possible relevance to in vivo formation of N-nitroso compounds
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Up to 25% of circulating nitrate is actively taken up by the salivary glands and concentrated 10- to 20-fold in saliva.
“Through early cancer research, it was known that up to 25% of circulating nitrate is actively taken up by the salivary glands and concentrated 10-to 20-fold in saliva, but the reason and mechanism for this were unknown, other than its proposed pathologic role in formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines.10”
From Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway: Implications for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (2010) · cites this paper as [10]
An enterosalivary circulation of ingested nitrate exists in which circulating nitrate is actively secreted in saliva and oral commensal bacteria reduce nitrate to nitrite.
“An enterosalivary circulation of ingested nitrate exists in which, after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, circulating nitrate is actively secreted in saliva and oral commensal bacteria reduced nitrate to nitrite. 10”
From Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway: Implications for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (2010) · cites this paper as [10]
Most estimates suggest that 20-28% of a nitrate load is secreted in saliva.
“Most estimates suggest that 20-28% of a nitrate load is secreted in saliva [107,113,115,116].”
From Vascular effects of dietary nitrate (as found in green leafy vegetables and beetroot) via the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway (2013) · cites this paper as [116]
Ingested inorganic nitrate circulates in plasma, and about 25% is taken up by the salivary glands and concentrated in saliva.
“Ingested inorganic nitrate circulates in the plasma, and a portion (~25 %) is taken up by the salivary glands and concentrated in the saliva [8].”
From Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
Following ingestion, nitrate is converted in the body to nitrite and stored and circulated in the blood.
“Following ingestion, nitrate is converted in the body to nitrite and stored and circulated in the blood.”
From Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
Most nitrate is excreted in urine, while up to 25% of plasma nitrate is taken up by the salivary glands and placed in the enterosalivary circulation.
“Most of the nitrate is then excreted in the urine, while up to 25% of plasma nitrate is taken up by the salivary glands and placed in the enterosalivary circulation (Spiegelhalder et al., 1976).”
From Do Changes in Oral Microbiota Correlate With Plasma Nitrite Response? A Systematic Review (2019) · cites this paper as Spiegelhalder et al., 1976
Approximately 25% of total circulating nitrate is actively sequestered into salivary glands and concentrated in saliva up to 20 times that in plasma, in proportion to the dietary load of nitrate.
“In proportion to the dietary load of nitrate, approximately 25% of total circulating nitrate is actively sequestered into salivary glands and concentrated in saliva up to 20 times that in plasma[73,75,82–88].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
Approximately 25% of absorbed nitrate is delivered to the salivary gland and secreted into saliva in the oral cavity.
“Approximately 25% of the absorbed nitrate is delivered to the salivary gland and secreted into saliva in the oral cavity [21]”
From NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [21]
Reductions of nitrate to nitrite depend entirely on oral commensal bacteria, and individual differences in microflora may affect nitrate reduction.
“reductions of nitrate to nitrite depend entirely on oral commensal bacteria, and individual differences in microflora may affect nitrate reduction (61, 86, 174).”
From Inorganic nitrite supplementation for healthy arterial aging (2014) · cites this paper as [174]
Nitrate dependent nitrite production is predominantly generated from the enterosalivary circulatory system delivery of nitrate to the oral cavity where it is reduced by commensal bacteria nitrate reductase activity present in the digestive system.
“As such, nitrate dependent nitrite production is predominantly generated from the enterosalivary circulatory system delivery of nitrate to the oral cavity where it is reduced by commensal bacteria nitrate reductase activity present in the digestive system (Figure 2) [49–53].”
From Inorganic nitrite therapy: historical perspective and future directions (2011) · cites this paper as [51]
Dietary NO3− supplementation elevates nitric oxide bioavailability via reduction of exogenous NO3− to nitrite by commensal anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity, followed by one-electron reduction of NO2− to NO catalyzed by various NO2− reductases in tissue and blood.
“Dietary NO3− supplementation has been observed to elevate nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability via the reduction of exogenous NO3− to nitrite (NO2−) by commensal anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity [79], followed by the one-electron reduction of NO2− to NO (and other nitrogen intermediates) catalyzed by various NO2− reductases [80,81,82,83,84] in the tissue and blood.”
From Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Weightlifting Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [79]
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- Authors
- Spiegelhalder, B., Eisenbrand, G., & Preussmann, R.
- Affiliations
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- ORCID
- Eisenbrand, G.
- Venue
- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1976-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 545-548
- ISSN
- 0015-6264 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2043562592
- Cited by
- 596
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- dietary nitrate, salivary nitrite, salivary nitrate, N-nitroso compounds, nitrite production, vegetables, vegetable juice, nitrate ingestion, endogenous nitrosation, gastrointestinal tract
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diet, Humans, Nitrates, Nitrites, Nitroso Compounds, Saliva, Time Factors, Vegetables
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