Cited by 19Gut microbiota and healthOral microbiology and periodontitis researchNitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects

Role of oral and gut microbiomes in enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and their effects on systemic disease

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Yang, Zi, Du, Conglin, Chang, Zhichao, Yang, Yang, Hu, Liang·2025·Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Abstract

Nitrate, which maintains hemostasis in systemic circulation, is obtained from nitrate-rich vegetables, concentrated, reabsorbed by the salivary glands, and reduced to nitrite and nitric oxide (NO•). The bioavailability of nitrate and nitrite depends on unique nitrate reductases present in specific bacterial communities in the mouth and gut of mammals. The dominant bacteria in the oral cavity, stomach, and gut differ among internal environments. Nitrate can modulate microbiota metabolism and has important pathophysiological functions in diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes, metabolic diseases, and brain diseases via nitrate-reducing bacteria. Thus, in this review, we summarized the beneficial role of enterosalivary nitrate metabolism, focusing on the role of oral and gut bacterial communities in the enzymatic reduction of nitrate to nitrite. We have also discussed different nitrate-reduction pathways; influencing factors of nitrate-reducing bacteria; and the relationship among systemic health, nitrate intake, and bacteria. This review of enterosalivary nitrate and related microbiomes could provide a new perspective for the application of nitrate.

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Crossref · 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1612223

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  • Gastrointestinal disorders frequently disrupt the oral and intestinal microbiota, reducing populations of nitrate-reducing bacteria and consequently reducing endogenous NO production.

    “gastrointestinal disorders frequently disrupt the oral and intestinal microbiota, reducing populations of nitrate-reducing bacteria and consequently reducing endogenous NO production [295].”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [295]

    In “Digestive system diseases” (page unavailable), the review reports that the nitrate-reducing bacterium Veillonella is enriched in patients with IBD and that rectal NO concentrations are higher in active IBD, contrary to the claimed general decrease. It does report reduced NO production with H. pylori infection, but attributes that to blocked NOS2 expression, not depletion of nitrate-reducing bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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Authors
Yang, Z., Du, C., Chang, Z., Yang, Y., & Hu, L.
Affiliations
Capital Medical University (CN)
Corresponding author
Hu, Liang
Venue
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Published
2025-07-03
Volume
15
Pages
1612223-1612223
ISSN
2235-2988 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4411963008
Cited by
19
References
211
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 3
FWCI
1.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (82001065, QML20211502)
  • Capital Medical University (YSP202204)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
Keywords
nitrate metabolism, oral microbiota, gut microbiota, nitrate-reducing bacteria, nitrite, nitric oxide, nitrate reductase, nitrate consumption, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes mellitus, metabolic disorders, brain disorders
MeSH terms
Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Bacteria, Humans, Mouth, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Nitrites

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