Role of oral and gut microbiomes in enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and their effects on systemic disease
Open accessAbstract
Nitrate, which maintains hemostasis in systemic circulation, is obtained from nitrate-rich vegetables, concentrated, reabsorbed by the salivary glands, and reduced to nitrite and nitric oxide (NO•). The bioavailability of nitrate and nitrite depends on unique nitrate reductases present in specific bacterial communities in the mouth and gut of mammals. The dominant bacteria in the oral cavity, stomach, and gut differ among internal environments. Nitrate can modulate microbiota metabolism and has important pathophysiological functions in diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes, metabolic diseases, and brain diseases via nitrate-reducing bacteria. Thus, in this review, we summarized the beneficial role of enterosalivary nitrate metabolism, focusing on the role of oral and gut bacterial communities in the enzymatic reduction of nitrate to nitrite. We have also discussed different nitrate-reduction pathways; influencing factors of nitrate-reducing bacteria; and the relationship among systemic health, nitrate intake, and bacteria. This review of enterosalivary nitrate and related microbiomes could provide a new perspective for the application of nitrate.
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Gastrointestinal disorders frequently disrupt the oral and intestinal microbiota, reducing populations of nitrate-reducing bacteria and consequently reducing endogenous NO production.
“gastrointestinal disorders frequently disrupt the oral and intestinal microbiota, reducing populations of nitrate-reducing bacteria and consequently reducing endogenous NO production [295].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [295]
In “Digestive system diseases” (page unavailable), the review reports that the nitrate-reducing bacterium Veillonella is enriched in patients with IBD and that rectal NO concentrations are higher in active IBD, contrary to the claimed general decrease. It does report reduced NO production with H. pylori infection, but attributes that to blocked NOS2 expression, not depletion of nitrate-reducing bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Yang, Z., Du, C., Chang, Z., Yang, Y., & Hu, L.
- Affiliations
- Capital Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Liang
- Venue
- Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2025-07-03
- Volume
- 15
- Pages
- 1612223-1612223
- ISSN
- 2235-2988 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12267184
- OpenAlex
- W4411963008
- Semantic Scholar
- d88f2ed1d64bf5192a148b9d5adfbad63bb4876f
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 211
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 1.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (82001065, QML20211502)
- Capital Medical University (YSP202204)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Keywords
- nitrate metabolism, oral microbiota, gut microbiota, nitrate-reducing bacteria, nitrite, nitric oxide, nitrate reductase, nitrate consumption, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes mellitus, metabolic disorders, brain disorders
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Bacteria, Humans, Mouth, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Nitrites
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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