Impact of TREM2 risk variants on brain region-specific immune activation and plaque microenvironment in Alzheimer's disease patient brain samples
Abstract
Identification of multiple immune-related genetic risk factors for sporadic AD (sAD) have put the immune system center stage in mechanisms underlying this disorder. Comprehensive analysis of microglia in different stages of AD in human brains revealed microglia activation to follow the progression of AD neuropathological changes and requiring the co-occurrence of beta-Amyloid (Aβ) and tau pathology. Carriers of AD-associated risk variants in TREM2 (Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) showed a reduction of plaque-associated microglia and a substantial increase in dystrophic neurites and overall pathological tau compared with age and disease stage matched AD patients without TREM2 risk variants. These findings were substantiated by digital spatial profiling of the plaque microenvironment and targeted gene expression profiling on the NanoString nCounter system, which revealed striking brain region dependent differences in immune response patterns within individual cases. The demonstration of profound brain region and risk-variant specific differences in immune activation in human AD brains impacts the applicability of immune-therapeutic approaches for sAD and related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Impaired or absent Trem2 function attenuates the microglial response to amyloid pathology by regulating microglial number around plaques, regulating microglial activity, and restricting neuritic damage.
“Recent important studies have also shown that impaired/absent Trem2 function attenuates the microglial response to amyloid pathology by regulating microglial number around plaques, regulating microglial activity, and restricting neuritic damage (37,61,84–87,95–99).”
From <i>Trem2</i> promotes anti-inflammatory responses in microglia and is suppressed under pro-inflammatory conditions (2020) · cites this paper as [96]
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- Authors
- Prokop, S., Miller, K. R., Labra, S. R., Pitkin, R. M., Hoxha, K., Narasimhan, S., Changolkar, L., Rosenbloom, A., Lee, V. M.-Y., & Trojanowski, J. Q.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Nanostring Technologies (United States) (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Prokop, Stefan
- Trojanowski, John Q.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Published
- 2019-07-26
- Volume
- 138
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 613-630
- ISSN
- 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0533
- OpenAlex
- W2966000954
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 5.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (Supplement to P30 AG010124)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- TREM2, Alzheimer's disease, genetic risk variants, microglial activation, amyloid plaques, plaque microenvironment, tau pathology, dystrophic neurites, digital spatial profiling, NanoString nCounter, immunotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Humans, Male, Membrane Glycoproteins, Receptors, Immunologic, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Neurites, tau Proteins, Microglia, Disease Progression, Plaque, Amyloid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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